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About

 Istanbul

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digital graphic

AN101056.jpg

place

tower

Türkiye

Galata Tower was built by the Genoese in 1348 as a watchtower and fortification, to replace an earlier Byzantine tower. The tower was later used as a fire observation post. The tower was damaged by fire and repaired in 1794 and again in 1831. The tower was damaged by a storm in 1875 and was without its conical top until repairs in the 1960s. Today the tower is open to the public as a tourist attraction.<div> </div><div>See:</div><div> </div><div>Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality. "Galata Tower," accessed February 21, 2014,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ibb.gov.tr/sites/ks/en-us/1-places-to-go/towers/pages/galata-tower.aspx">http://www.ibb.gov.tr/sites/ks/en-us/1-places-to-go/towers/pages/galata-tower.aspx</a>. </div><div> </div><div>Magdalino, Paul, et al.&nbsp;"Istanbul."&nbsp;Grove Art Online.&nbsp;Oxford Art Online.&nbsp;Oxford University Press, accessed&nbsp;February 21, 2014,&nbsp;<a href="http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T042556pg1">http://www.oxfordartonline.com/subscriber/article/grove/art/T042556pg1</a>. </div>

fortifications

stone

Sharon C. Smith

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digital photograph

Galata Kulesi

Barbara J. Anello-Adnani

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Streetviews. Galata Tower.

Galata Köprüsü

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Streetviews. Galata Bridge

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Streetviews. Galata Koprusu

Galata Tower

Translated

Christea Turris

Formerly known as

Tower of Christ

Dates: 330-1453 BCEAlternate Names: Eastern Roman Empire, Byzantium, Bizantino, بيزنطية<blockquote>Culture, style, and period of the Christian states of the eastern Mediterranean during the rule of the Byzantine Empire (330 - 1453 CE). Byzantine art and culture was carried throughout much of the Christian world, and lasted into the 16th century in eastern Europe. The style is characterized by imperial and religious subject matter, and a movement away from the original Greek naturalistic forms to favor ritualistic stylization, intended to suggest the spiritual.</blockquote> Sources: "Byzantine (culture and style)," Getty Art and Architecture Thesaurus. <a href="http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300020669" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">http://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300020669</a> Archnet Resources Collections: <a href="https://www.archnet.org/publications/75" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Drawings of Jerusalem -- Byzantine, Umayyad, and Fatimid Periods</a><a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/18" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Byron's Iran and Afghanistan</a> Publications: Besim, Hakim. “<a href="https://www.archnet.org/publications/10465" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Byzantine And Islamic Codes From The Mediterranean</a>.” Transcript of Paper Presented to Council IV, Santa Fe, NM. October 18 2002.&nbsp; Guidetti, Mattia. 2009. "<a href="https://www.archnet.org/publications/6796" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">The Byzantine Heritage in the Dar al-Islam: Churches and Mosques in al-Ruha between the Sixth and Twelfth Centuries</a>." In Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World XXVI. 1-36. Mango, Cyril. "<a href="https://www.archnet.org/publications/4177" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Approaches to Byzantine Architecture</a>." In Muqarnas VIII: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture, edited by Oleg Grabar. Leiden: E.J. Brill, 1991. Walker, Alicia. "<a href="https://www.archnet.org/publications/9486" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Middle Byzantine Aesthetics of Power and the Incomparability of Islamic Art: The Architectural Ekphraseis of Nikolaos Mesarites</a>." Muqarnas: An Annual on the Visual Culture of the Islamic World 27 (2010): 79-101.

Galata KulesiIstanbul, Türkiye

Galata Kulesi
Istanbul, Türkiye