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About

Haroon Ur Rashid

patron

 Monastir

military

ribat

Tunisia

<div>The fortress was constructed in 796/179 AH; AH 355/AD 966, the southern and western sides were expanded by Abū al-Qāsim ibn Tammān in 966/355 AH. The site was fortified in the Hafsid era.</div><div> </div><div>Source:&nbsp;</div><div>"Ribāt of Monastir." Qantara - Ribāt of Monastir. Accessed March 12, 2017.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=418&amp;lang=en" target="_blank" data-bypass="true">http://www.qantara-med.org/qantara4/public/show_document.php?do_id=418&amp;lang=en</a>. </div><div><div>Saloua Zangar "Monastir Ribat" in Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers, 2017. 2017.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;tn;Mon01;25;en" target="_blank" data-bypass="true" style="font-size: 14px;"><div style="display: inline !important;"><div style="display: inline !important;">http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;tn;Mon01;25;en</div></div></a></div><a href="http://www.discoverislamicart.org/database_item.php?id=monument;ISL;tn;Mon01;25;en" target="_blank" data-bypass="true"><div></div></a></div>

Construction

sandstone

Sir Keppel Archibald Cameron Creswell

Creswell: Tunisia

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B & W print

ICR0392

Ribat

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ICR1870

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ICR1871

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ICR1872

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ICR1873

Ribāt 

Alternate transliteration

Ribât

See <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2361" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timeline: Hafsid</a> &nbsp;&nbsp;The Hafsid dynasty (Banu Hafs) was founded by Abu Zakariyya Yahya (1229-1249/626-647 AH) Almohad governor of Ifriqiya when he broke away declared independence. By the end of his 20 year reign he had expanded his territory into Béjaïa (Bougie) and&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Marinid/year/1310" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Constantine&nbsp;</a>and&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3499" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Algiers</a>&nbsp;and became the recognized overlord of the Abdalwadides of&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/4007" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Tlemcen</a>&nbsp;He also expanded his power into&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/authorities/3681" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Granada</a>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Marinid/year/1310" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Marinid</a>&nbsp;territories of Morocco.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;His son, al-Mustansir (1249–77/626-675 AH), assumed the title of caliph, and his rule saw continued prosperity. He reached an agreement with Louis IX to end the VIII Crusade, and his death brought about a period of internal dissension and struggles for power. Unity was achieved by Abu Hafs (1284–95/683-694 AH), then by Abu Yahya Abu Bakr (1318–46/718-747 AH), but the kingdom faced a number of threats in the 14th century, including major Marinid invasions, the plague and a crippling financial crisis. Abu al-ʿAbbas (1370–94/771-796 AH), managed to restore the glory of the early Hafsid era. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;The 14th and 15th centuries were prosperous under the Hafsid dynasty. The Saharan caravan trade was well developed, and commerce with Europe was increasing.&nbsp;So too was piracy. Funding from all three sources was used to finance public works in art and architecture. Piracy also provoked the anger of Aragon and Venice, which attacked coastal cities in retaliation. After the reign of Uthman (1435–88/838-893 AH), dynastic struggles weakened the Hafsids to the point that their fall became inevitable.&nbsp;They became increasingly caught up in imperial struggles between Spain and the&nbsp;<a href="http://archnet.org/timelines/48/period/Ottoman/year/1339" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Ottomans</a>. These powers managed to each conquer Tunis for a period. The Hafsid dynasty came to an end after they agreed to become Spanish vassals in 1574/982. Muhammad IV, the last Hafsid Caliph, was subsequently captured, brought to Constantinople and executed. Under the Hafsids, Tunis was established as the capital, and the Maliki school of law was established as the foundation for religious and social life. Michael A. Toler

Hafsid

<a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2352" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Timeline of Abbasid sites</a> اَلْخِلَافَةُ ٱلْعَبَّاسِيَّةُ,&nbsp;al-Khilāfah al-ʿAbbāsiyyah &nbsp;&nbsp;In 750/132 AH there was a revolution against <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2350" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Umayyad</a> rule which began in eastern Iran and rapidly spread over the whole empire. The Umayyads were totally destroyed except for one prince who fled to Spain and established the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2351" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Umayyad dynasty in Spain</a>. The newly established Abbasids decided to move the capital from <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3603" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Damascus</a> to a city further east, first <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3909" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Raqqa</a> was chosen and then in 762/144 AH <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3469" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Baghdad</a> was founded by the Abbasid <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3463" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">caliph al-Mansur</a>. Baghdad grew to be one of the biggest and most populous cities in the world based around Mansur's famous round city. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 856/241 AH the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/8276" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">caliph al-Mu'tassim</a> was unhappy about clashes between the local population and his troops so he established a new capital further north on the Tigris at <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3929" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Samarra</a>. During this period the power of the caliphate began to decline and control over distant provinces was loosened. Several local dynasties grew up including the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2372" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Tulunids</a> in Egypt, the Aghlabids in Ifriqiyya and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2371" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Samanids</a> in Khurassan (eastern Iran). Internal troubles in Samarra caused the caliph al Mu'tamid to move back to Baghdad in 889/275 AH; at this time Abbasid power outside Iraq was purely nominal. &nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In 945/333 AH the Abbasids were replaced by the Shi'a <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2356" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Buwaihid</a> amirs as rulers of Iraq and Iran. For the next two hundred years the Abbasids remained nominal caliphs with no real authority. In the mid-twelfth century the Abbasids were able to reassert some authority when the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2374" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Seljuk</a> ruler Sultan Muhamad abandoned his siege of Baghdad. During the reign of <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/9138" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Caliph al-Nasir</a> (1179-1225/574-626 AH) the Abbasids were able to gain control over much of present-day Iraq. The Mongol invasions and sack of Baghdad in 1258 dealt a final blow to the political aspirations of the Abbasids. Although Abbasid architecture covers a vast area from North Africa to western India, the majority of extant buildings are in the Abbasid homeland of Iraq. Abbasid architecture was influenced by three architectural traditions - Sassanian, Central Asian (Soghdian) and later, during the twelfth and thirteenth centuries, Seljuk.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;Many early Abbasid structures such as the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/3827" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">palace of Ukhaidhir</a> bear a striking resemblance to Sassanian architecture, as they used the same techniques (vaults made without centering) and materials (mud brick, baked brick and roughly hewn stone laid in mortar), and built to similar designs (solid buttress towers). Central Asian influence was already present in Sassanian architecture but it was reinforced by the Islamic conquest of Central Asia and the incorporation of a large number of Turkic troops into the army. Central Asian influence is seen most clearly at Samarra where the wall paintings and some of the stucco work resemble that of the Soghdian palaces at Panjikent. The Abbasid architecture of the twelfth and thirteenth centuries is essentially Seljuk architecture built with Iraqi materials.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;In addition to the various influences upon it, early Abbasid architecture can be seen to have developed its own characteristics. One of the most notable features of the Abbasid cities of Baghdad and Samarra is their vast scale. This is most clearly demonstrated at Samarra with its extensive palaces and mosques stretched out for more than 40 km along the banks of the Tigris. The scale of the site led to the development of new forms: thus the great spiral minarets of the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/3828" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Great Mosque</a> and the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/3830" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Abu Dulaf Mosque</a> were never repeated elsewhere (with the possible exception of the Ibn Tulun Mosque). Other developments had far-reaching consequences; for example, the three stucco types developed at Samarra rapidly spread throughout the Islamic world (e.g. the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/sites/3921" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Abbasid mosque at Balkh</a> in Afghanistan) and continued to be used centuries later. Sources: Text from Petersen, Andrew. <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/126" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Dictionary of Islamic Architecture</a>. London and New York: Routledge, 1999. Additional Archnet Resources (incomplete):Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. “<a href="https://www.archnet.org/publications/13230" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">New Abbasid Cities Baghdad and Samarra</a>.” Lesson 5/22 presentation developed for the <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/1428" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme</a>, 2019. Necipoglu, Gulru and David Roxburgh. “<a href="https://www.archnet.org/publications/13231" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Architecture of Empire The Abbasids</a>.” Lesson 6/22 presentation developed for the Aga Khan Trust for Culture Education Programme, 2019. <a href="https://www.archnet.org/collections/2528" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Early Islamic Gardens of Greater Syria: MEGT</a> Abbasid Rulers on Archnet: <a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3463" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur</a>, ca. 714-775/95-158 AH<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/8276" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">al-Mu'tasim</a>, r. 833-842/218-227 AH<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/8283" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">al-Mutawakkil, </a> r. 847-861/232-247 AH<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/9126" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">al-Mu'tamid</a>, r. 870-892/256-279 AH<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/9138" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">al-Nasir li-Din Allah</a>, r. 1180-1225 Capital Cities on Archnet<a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3774" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Kufa</a><a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3469" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Baghdad</a><a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3909" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Raqqah</a><a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3831" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Merv</a><a href="https://www.archnet.org/authorities/3929" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Samarra</a> Find hundred of other record by searching Archnet using the term <a href="https://www.archnet.org/search?search_token=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJyYW5nZSI6eyJ0aW1lX3BlcmlvZCI6e30sInllYXIiOnt9fSwicGFnZSI6MSwicXVlcnkiOiJBYmJhc2lkIiwiaWF0IjoxNjg3MjkwOTM3fQ.MYz95IjSQqvbvPukKbvX3KG2oPc2I9p_lJS5XucFzbE" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Abbasid</a> Additional Resources:&nbsp; Bennison, Amira K. The Great Caliphs: The Golden Age of the Abbasid Empire. London: Tauris, 2009. Cook, Michael, ed. The New Cambridge History of Islam. 6 vols. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2010. Komaroff, Linda. “The Art of the Abbasid Period (750–1258).” HEILBRUNN TIMELINE OF ART HISTORY ESSAYS. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, October 2001. https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/abba/hd_abba.htm. Archived at <a href="https://perma.cc/JHX9-LVVQ" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">https://perma.cc/JHX9-LVVQ</a>. &nbsp; Saba, Matthew. Impermanent monuments, lasting legacies: The dār al-khilāfa of samarra and Palace building in early Abbasid Iraq. Reichert Verlag. 2022.&nbsp;&nbsp;

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