Introduction | Browse the Glossary | Acronyms for Reference Works | Transliteration Conventions
Last updated: 29 January 2020
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- abhal
- Fruit produce of a certain tree known as savin, juniper, or cypress (FN 2:1271–73; Lane, 268) (Ar.)
- abara, ya’biru, ibār, ibārah
- To fecundate a palm-tree by means of the spadix of the male tree, which is bruised, or brayed, and sprinkled upon the spadix of the female; or by inserting the stalk of a raceme of the male tree into the spathe of the female, after shaking off the pollen of the former upon the spadix of the female (Lane, 5) (Ar.)
- Abū Jiʿrān
- Dung beetle (Ar.)
- açmak
- To bloom, to blossom, to come into flower (R) (LEH) (Ot.)
- adama
- Soil; ground (Heb.)
- admat trashim
- Rocky land unfit for cultivation (Heb.)
- afar
- Earth, dirt (Heb.)
- afarseq
- Peach (Heb.)
- afrang
- Magnificence, grandeur, power; throne; crown; European, Frank, (STG) (Pers.)
- ağaçlık
- Full of trees, well wooded, dell, wood, woodland (R) (ARK) (KAM) (HAY) (MED) (TDK) (ARS) (Ot.)
- agas
- Pear (Heb.)
- agdāl
- Synonym of buhaira (Ar.)
- aghbā (m), ghaybā’ (f)
- Tangled, confused, or dense, as said of branches (see ghuṣn) and trees (see shajarah) (Lane, 2228) (Ar.)
- aghlāth
- Bitter plants (Ar.)
- agromechanika
- Care and maintenance of agricultural machinery (Heb.)
- agronome
- Agronomist (Heb.)
- agronomia
- Agronomy (Heb.)
- agrotechnika
- The variety of methods used to work a farm (Heb.)
- aḥrār
- Plants that can be eaten raw (Ar.)
- akarut
- Working the land; agriculture (Heb.)
- akirah
- Uprooting, extraction (Heb.)
- alāchīq
- Felt tents (STG) (Pers.)
- aleh
- Leaf; frond (Heb.)
- alvah
- Foliage (Heb.)
- amṭā nahrā
- Fungus that grows under the sand primarily (FN 1:604–7) (Syr.)
- anaf
- Branch, frond, sprig (Heb.)
- anāristān
- Pomegranate garden (STG) (Pers.)
- anbarbārīs [shajart al-]
- Barberries (FN 1:163–65) (Ar.)
- anbūbah, anābīb
- Pipe (Ar.)
- anīsh
- Small garden; vineyard (STG) (Pers.)
- andarūnī
- Internal (STG) (Pers.)
- angūristān
- Vineyard (STG) (Pers.)
- araya
- Fruit harvest (Heb.)
- arḍ
- soil, earth (Ar.)
- ardībihish
- Second Persian month, mid-spring, April; the third day of every month, which the Persians celebrated with a festival; the angel who presides over the mountains (STG) (Pers.)
- arḍı̄yābā
- A Mesopotamian plant, the leaves of which are similar to the leaves of salq, though it is uncertain whether this is synonymous with the contemporary identification of salq with chard (FN 1:556) (Syr.)
- arı̄ṣārūnā
- a Mesopotamian plant that grows wild in the desert, the leaves of which are similar to the small leaves of the ḥummuṣ plant (Syr.)
- armut
- Pear (Ot.)
- arsa
- Courtyard within a house, unbuilt space (classical Arabic); irrigated garden smaller than an agdal (Ar.)
- arugah
- Flowerbed (Heb.)
- asārūn
- Mesopotamian plant primarily found in the wild but which had been partly adapted for gardens (FN 1:633–34) (Syr.)
- asb
- Horse (STG) (Pers.)
- asbris
- Course; race ground; open space; running place for horses; hippodrome; polo field; unit of measure of distance equal to what a person could cover between the first ray of sun and the appearance of the whole disc (experimentally measured between 147 m and 185 m) (STG) (Pers.)
- asis
- Nectar (Heb.)
- assif
- Grain harvest (Heb.)
- aṣl (pl. uṣūl)
- Base of plant (Ar.)
- ashjār
- Plants including shrubs and trees (S.B) (Urdu)
- aşı
- Grafting, budding; scion, graft, bud (put into the stock) (R) (NA) (Ot.)
- aşı kalemi
- Cutting used for grafting, scion (R) (HAY) (Ot.)
- aşılama
- To graft, bud (R) (TDK) (KAM) (HAY) (Ot.)
- atraj [shajarat al-]
- Citron tree (FN 1:178–82; Ibn Mammātī, 82) (Ar.)
- atūnı̄shāthā
- A plant, possibly Indian origin, brought to Mesopotamia (bābil), the seeds of which are larger than that of saljam (rapeseed) and the flowers yellow as that of the saljam plant (FN 1:534–55) (Syr.)
- atzhitz
- Flowerpot, planter (Heb.)
- avatiyakh
- Watermelon (Heb.)
- avodath adama
- Agriculture, working the land (Heb.)
- avoq
- Spreading of powder (Heb.)
- awrang
- Throne; glory; heaven (STG) (Pers.)
- a’yin
- Fountain, natural source of water (Heb.)
- ays
- Woodland (FED) (Ot.)
- ayvān
- Sofa; portico, open gallery, veranda; balcony on the top of a house, for the benefit of the view and fresh air; palace; the heavens; ayvān-i zarkārī sphere of the moon; ayvān-i māh heaven of this world (STG) (Pers.)
- ayvān-i kasrā
- kisrā, from Pahlavi Chosroes (STG) (Pers.)
- azādarakht [shajarat al-], also arzdarakht
- China tree, paradise tree, melia (FN 1:167–68; Wehr, 15) (Ar.)
- azhār
- Flowers; flowering, blossoming (STG) (Pers.)
- āb
- Water; river; prosperity, power, glory. The word is often used in compounds and metaphorical expressions (STG) (Pers.)
- āb afshān
- āb + afshān (in comp.) dispersing, scattering, diffusing (STG) (Pers.)
- āb anbār
- āb + anbār pond, reservoir (STG) (Pers.)
- āb bāra
- āb + bāra aqueduct; an elevated structure of masonry used for the conveyance of water from place to place (Pers.)
- āb guẕar
- Canal, channel for water (STG) (Pers.)
- āb khīz
- Spring, issue of water; springy ground, where water is found after digging a little depth; canal, aqueduct (STG) (Pers.)
- āb khvur
- Lake, pool, ditch; fountainhead; watering place on a riverbank (STG) (Pers.)
- āb namā
- āb + namā (showing) a shallow water basin usually in front of a building in gardens (Pers.)
- āb pāshān
- Name of a Persian festival, on which occasion one sprinkles rose water on his neighbor (STG) (Pers.)
- āb pakhshān
- āb + bakhsh or pakhsh (division). The word bakhsh as well as the term bāgh, “garden,” derive from the same root bagh, meaning “partition.” (Pers.)
- āb rāh
- Canal, conduit, pipe, aqueduct, watercourse, channel of a river, any place through which water flows (STG) (Pers.)
- āb rāha
- Watercourse (STG) (Pers.)
- āb rīzān
- Name of the thirteenth day of the month of Tir. Recalls the sudden rainfall, after many years of drought, at the prayer of the assembled people, who in their joy sprinkled each other with water (STG) (Pers.)
- āb rīzgān
- Festival celebrated on the thirteenth day of the month of Tir, during which people visit each other and sprinkle orange blossom, rose, or pure water on one another (STG) (Pers.)
- āb rasānī
- āb + rasānī to cause to arrive, convey, carry and deliver (STG) (Pers.)
- āb yārī
- Irrigation, to irrigate; āb yārī kardan to water fields (STG) (Pers.)
- ābād
- City, building, habitation; cultivated, peopled, full of buildings and inhabitants. When added to a noun it denotes a city or place of abode (STG) (Pers.)
- ābād kardan
- To cultivate, render delightful, improve, recreate, refresh (STG) (Pers.)
- ābān
- Eight month of Persian year, during which the sun continues in Scorpio; tenth day of any Persian month; name of a certain angel, whom the pagan Persians supposed to preside over iron and over the actions performed during the month or on the day above mentioned (STG) (Pers.)
- ābāngāh
- Tenth day of the month of Farvardin; name of an angel said to preside over water (STG) (Pers.)
- āb-dih
- Splendor-giving (STG) (Pers.)
- āb-e-ravān
- Flowing water (F.U.E.D) (C.C) (Urdu)
- āb-e-hayāt
- Elixir of life (F.U.E.D) (B.S) (Urdu)
- āb-i barīn
- Bank of a river constantly being undermined by its current (STG) (Pers.)
- ābdān
- Vessel holding water; cistern, or any reservoir of water, such as a lake, ditch, or bath (STG); pond, lake, confluence of water (JNS) (Pers.)
- ābgah
- Watering place, cistern, reservoir (STG) (Pers.)
- ābgīna
- Glass; the heavens (STG) (Pers.)
- ābgina khānah
- Greenhouse, room hung with mirrors; the first and second heavens (STG) (Pers.)
- ābgir
- Large water body; lake (S.N) (Urdu)
- ābgīr
- Any hollow place where water collects or stagnates; pool, pond, ditch (STG) (Pers.)
- ābishkhvur
- Cistern, watering place, reservoir; riverbed; fountainhead; lot, portion (STG) (Pers.)
- ābsāl
- Garden (STG) (Pers.)
- ābsālān
- Garden (STG) (Pers.)
- ābshār
- Cascade of water (Tadhkira) (Urdu)
- ābshār
- Waterfall, cataract (STG) (Pers.)
- ābshīb
- Waterfall (Pers.)
- ābyār
- Waterer, sprinkler, irrigator, irrigation (STG) (Pers.)
- ādhriyūn
- Marigold (FN 1:137–38) (Ar.)
- āfāh (pl. āfāt)
- Disease, illness, affliction (see also Ar. maraḍ and suqm) (Ar.)
- āpādānā
- Loggia supported by columns or great columned room (Pers.)
- ārāmgāh
- Place of rest; tomb, mausoleum (STG) (Pers.)
- ārāmgāh
- Bedchamber; resting or halting place (F.D) (SN) (Urdu)
- ārāstan
- To adorn, decorate, embellish, to set in order; gul ārāstan to adorn with flowers (gul) (STG) (Pers.)
- ās [shajarat al-]
- Myrtle (FN 1:142–47) (Ar.)
- āshkūy
- Palace; upper room; elevated place (STG) (Pers.)
- āyina khānah
- Loggia or room in which the columns and part of the walls and ceilings are covered with small pieces of glass (CST); āyina glass + khānah house (Pers.)
- āyinakāri
- Decorative mirrors (STG) (Pers.)
- āzhgan
- Latticed door, lattices (STG) (Pers.)
- bachir
- The first fruit to ripen (Heb.)
- bad
- Enclosure, hedge, fence (TRM) (Ot.)
- badıralan
- Garden or vineyard without walls (TRM) (Ot.)
- bağ
- Vineyard, garden, orchard (R) (NA) (ARS) (TDK) (KAM) (Ot.)
- bağ aralamak
- To prune the vines (R) (TRM) (Ot.)
- bağ ayıtlamak
- To prune a vineyard, to prune (MEN) (Ot.)
- bağ bahçe
- Vineyards and orchards (R) (TDK) (Ot.)
- bağ bozumu
- Vintage (R); autumn (TRM) (Ot.)
- bağ budaması
- To prune a vineyard (R) (TRM) (Ot.)
- bağ çapası
- Hoe, mattock (TRM) (Ot.)
- bağ çırpmak
- To prune, to trim the vine (TRM) (Ot.)
- bağ çubuğu
- Vine shoot, vine cutting (R) (TDK) (TRM) (KUB) (Ot.)
- bağ depmek
- To dig, to fork, to grub, and to spade a garden or vineyard (TRM) (Ot.)
- bağ-ı cennet
- Garden of paradise (R) (TÜR) (Ot.)
- bağ makası
- Pruning shears (TRM) (Ot.)
- bağ-ı adn
- The garden of Eden (R) (Ot.)
- bağ-ı cinan
- Garden of paradise (R) (NA) (RIZ) (Ot.)
- bağ-ı dehr
- The garden of the world (R) (YED) (Ot.)
- bağ-ı İrem
- Garden of Iram (R); the mythical gardens said to have been made in Damascus or Yemen alike paradise (YED) (KUB) (Ot.)
- bağcı
- Grape grower (R); vine grower, “viticulturist.” (TRM) (Ot.)
- bağcı bıçağı
- Pruning knife (TRM) (Ot.)
- bağça
- Synonym of çimen; meadow, lawn, turf, orchard (MEN) (Ot.)
- bağçe
- Synonym of bahçe; garden, small vineyard (R) (MED) (DGA) (TRM) (KUB); garden where vegetables and flowers are grown (ATI) (Ot.)
- bağçevan
- Synonym of bağcıvan; gardener (R) (MED) (OSM) (KAM) (DGA) (MÜK) (KUB) (Ot.)
- bagh
- Ditch (Z. bagho); name of an idol; a god; baghdād God-given, in the composition of names (STG) (Pers.)
- baghistān
- bagh god + istān place (Pers.)
- bağıstan
- Garden, vineyard, orchard (OTS) (OSM) (MED) (Ot.)
- bağlık
- Place with vineyards, piece of ground suitable for a vineyard; tract with many vineyards (R) (TDK) (TRM) (KUB) (TEM) (Ot.)
- bağlık bahçelik
- Place with many vineyards and gardens (TDK) (MED) (KUB) (Ot.)
- bahār
- Spring season. In classical literature, various seasons in a garden are associated with appropriate moods. For example, khiza’n (autumn) was associated with sadness and bahar (spring) with happiness and prosperity. This is expressed for instance in Bāgh-o-bahār tabiyat (jovial nature) and dil bāgh bāgh ho jana (being happy) (F.U.E.D) (C. C) (Urdu)
- bahār
- Spring, beginning of summer; blossom; bahār-i nārinj orange flower; Buddhist temple; idol, the harem of a prince; species of odoriferous herb; anything beautiful and splendid; bahār afshān scattering blossoms; bahārān spring; bahār band airy house inhabited in springtime; a place where horses are tied up in spring; bahār khāna any high building (Pers.)
- bahār (pl. bahārāt)
- Spice (Ar.)
- bahārkhvāb
- The text refers to the bahārkhvāb of the Khvaju bridge in Isfahan. That place was unique, as it had a better view and was cooler than the arcades above the bridge and the terraces below the arches (Pers.)
- bahar açmak
- To blossom (NA) (HAY) (Ot.)
- bahçe
- Garden, park (R) (NA); vegetable garden, kitchen garden, place where flowers and trees are grown (TDK) (OSM); place where flowers, trees, and vegetables are grown (ARK); place where flowers, trees with or without fruits, and vegetables are grown, usually adjacent to a house; same as ravza, bağ, firdevs, bostan: çiçek bahçesi, sebze bahçesi (KAM); small vineyard; place where flowers and vegetables are grown, park (MED); (Ottoman bağçe, ravza, hadīka) (ARS); enclosed place where flowers, trees and vegetables are grown (TRM) (TEM) (RTK) (YTL) (VLD) (KUB) (Ot.)
- bahçe
- Synonym of bahça, bağçe; garden, park (R) (NA) (Ot.)
- bahçe aletleri
- Garden tools (TRM) (Ot.)
- bahçe avlu
- Court garden, courtyard garden; courtyard where there are lawn and flower beds; in cloisters, hospital, or jails, uncovered garden for patients or prisoners to get fresh air and to walk, surrounded with buildings (ARS) (Ot.)
- bahçe avlusu
- Garden yard, a courtyard with lawn and flower beds in the middle (TRM) (Ot.)
- bahçe çapası
- Hoe, mattock (TRM) (Ot.)
- bahçe evi
- Small summer house in the vineyards (TRM) (Ot.)
- bahçe köşkü
- Garden pavilion (NA) (Ot.)
- bahçe makası
- Pruning shears (NA) (KUB) (Ot.)
- bahçe tarağı
- Rake to put the garden soil in order (TRM) (Ot.)
- bahçe tırmığı
- Rake, a tool with iron teeth to clear the soil off stones and litter (TRM) (Ot.)
- bahçecilik
- Horticulture, gardening (MED) (KAM) (TDK); the art of gardening (TRM); growing every kind of plants such as vegetables, young plants, fruits (KUB); making and growing gardens (TEM) (Ot.)
- bahçeli kent
- Garden city, a city enclosed with a green belt (ÇEV) (Ot.)
- bahçelik
- Place full of gardens (R); place for vineyards and gardens (TDK); a place with many gardens (KAM); (HAY); a place with many gardens, a place suitable to make garden (MED); full of gardens or a place suitable to make garden (TRM); a place full of gardens (RTK) (VLD) (KUB) (Ot.)
- bahçıvan
- Gardener (R) (NA) (TDK) (KAM) (HAY) (MED) (LEH); Gardener, “horticulturist.” (Ot.)
- bahçıvan bıçağı
- Pruning shears (TRM) (Ot.)
- bahçıvan tarağı
- Rake (R) (ARS) (Ot.)
- bahāristān
- Springtime, green place with many flowers; spring, place of verdure and blossom (R) (NA) (FED) (OSM) (KUB) (Ot.)
- bak
- Retreat, asylum; forest, wild uncultivated country (STG) (Pers.)
- balaḥ
- Date (Ibn Mammātı̄, 82; Lane, 246; Wehr, 87) (Ar.)
- balça
- Garden (RİZ) (Ot.)
- ballūṭ [shajarat al-]
- Oak (FN 1:640–41; FN 2:1182–83) (Ar.)
- ban
- Garden, sown field; harvest; van Persian turpentine seed (STG) (Pers.)
- banafsha zār
- Banafsha pūsh covered or adorned with violets (STG) (Pers.)
- banafsaj
- Violet (FN 1:111–26; Ibn Mammātı̄, 82) (Ar.)
- band
- Dam, dike, or any enclosure of water (STG) (Pers.)
- bandāb
- Dyke, embankment; island (STG) (Pers.)
- banj
- Henbane (Ar.)
- banjar
- Beet, sugar beet (see also Ot. pancar) (Ar.)
- bao’li/wain
- Step well, the descent to the brink of which is by long flights of steps with landings and covered chambers where travelers may rest during the heat of the day (F.U.E.D) (B.N) (S.N) (Urdu)
- baql (pl. buqūl)
- Kind of herbs; potherbs (Ar.)
- baqmāhah
- The litter or organic remnant/detritus (see ithr) of flax, (Ibn Mammātı̄, 202) (Ar.)
- barādari
- Open pavilion constructed either of brick, marble, or red sandstone. This term seems to be of recent origin as it is not found in Mughal sources. It may be a corruption of the term baran dar aaien (to enter in the rain) (F.D) (T.A.L) (Urdu)
- bara
- Cut or uproot trees (Heb.)
- baram
- Trellis (STG) (Pers.)
- barbakh (pl. barābikh)
- Waterpipe, drain, canal, sewer (Ar.)
- barı
- To shelter, to protect (R); garden wall, fence (TDK) (KAM); garden or courtyard wall (ZAN) (Ot.)
- barınak
- Shelter, refuge (R) (Ottoman melce); penthouse, open shed in the gardens and in the streets to shelter from rain and sun (ARS) (Ot.)
- barm
- Reservoir for rainwater (STG) (Pers.)
- barsam
- Rods of a span in length used by the fire-worshipers in their ceremonies (STG) (Pers.)
- barsam Ḥijāzī (also barsı̄m)
- Lucerne, alfalfa (see also fiṣfiṣah) (Ar.)
- barsı̄m (Ar.)
- Clover (see also nafal) (Ar.)
- barshāwushān
- Maiden’s hair (FN 1:60) (Ar.)
- barsh naqā
- An Egyptian phrase used to described earth that has become bereft of any organic litter or remnant (see ithr) that was incorporated into the soil the previous year; untended or fallow land (Ar.)
- barwīyah
- The litter or organic remnant/detritus (see ithr) of wheat and barley (Ibn Mammātī, 201) (Ar.)
- basāk
- Garland of flowers (STG) (Pers.)
- basāt
- Extensive (tract of country); anything spread out; carpet; bedding; the earth (STG) (Pers.)
- basfāyaj, basbāyaj
- Polypodium vulgare (FN 1:290; Ibn Baytar, 1:135) (Ar.)
- basha
- A general name for weeds growing among cultivated plants and impeding their growth (Heb.)
- bashmalah [shajarat al-]
- Loquat tree (Ar.)
- baṣal
- Onion (FN 1:565–72) (Ar.)
- baṭı̄kh
- Watermelon (Ibn Mammātī, 82) (Ar.)
- bazmgāh
- Banqueting house (STG) (Pers.)
- bābūnaj
- Camomile (see uqḥuwān) (Ar.)
- bādiyah
- Desert, desolate steppe; wasteland (Ar.)
- bādhrūj
- Lemon balm; sweet basil or lemon basil (FN 2:775–79; Dozy Supplément 1:47–48) (Ar.)
- bāgh
- Generally refers to an orchard with or without fence or wall. When a bagh is a formal garden it is enclosed by a diwar (wall), and when it belongs to a qasr (palace gardens) it is enclosed by a hisār (fortification wall). It includes orchards such as bādāmi bāgh (the garden of almonds), and anguri bāgh (the garden of grapes or vineyard). In literary texts bāgh appears as both a prime and ancillary source of imagery of nature. As a poetic image, it stands for order and beauty, the mythical link between man and nature, heaven and earth. When used in Persian literature it refers comprehensively to all the natural wonders within a garden (B.N) (F.U.E.D) (B.S) (Urdu)
- bāgh
- Garden; vineyard; the world; face of the beloved (STG) (Pers.).
- bāgh-i iram
- Name of the fabulous gardens, said to have been devised by Shaddād in emulation of the gardens of paradise (STG) (Pers.)
- bāgh-i quds
- The firmament; paradise (STG) (Pers.)
- bāgh-i rafi'
- The firmament; paradise (STG) (Pers.)
- bāgh-i sakhā
- The firmament; paradise (STG) (Pers.)
- bāgh-i takht
- Terrace; bāgh garden + takht throne (Pers.)
- bāgh-i vasi'
- The firmament; paradise (STG) (Pers.)
- bāghbān
- Gardener (F.D) (B.K) (Urdu)
- bāghbān
- Gardener; vine dresser (STG) (Pers.)
- bāghbāni
- Care of a garden, horticulture; bāghbāni numūdan to keep or dress a garden, to practice horticulture (STG) (Pers.)
- bāghcha
- Small garden, a garden (STG) (Pers.)
- bāghcha
- Small garden or orchard usually associated with residences (F.U.E.D) (B.N) (Urdu)
- bāghcha bandī
- Ornamental gardening; bāghcha bandī kardan to lay out in flowerbeds (STG) (Pers.)
- bāghistān
- Land of gardens (B.S.) (Urdu)
- bāghistān
- Vineyard; palace park; gardens and vineyards surrounding a town (STG) (Pers.)
- bālākhānah
- Upper chamber, gallery, or balcony on top of the house; parlor (STG) (Pers.)
- bāmyah
- Okra (qināwīyah in Tunisia and Algeria; mulūḫīyah in Morocco, not to be confused with Egyptian mulūḫīyah, i.e., Jew’s mallow); also known in Hebrew as bamyah (Arabic and Ottoman Turkish)
- bāq
- The litter or organic remnant/detritus (see ithr) of a type of Egyptian leek known as qirṭ, the legume known as qaṭṭānı̄, and the maqātī (translation unknown), and which is known for being one of the best such materials for cultivating wheat and flax (Ibn Mammātī, 201) (Ar.)
- bāqillā
- Beans (Ar.)
- bār
- Fruit, flowers, blossom; court, assembly; curtain at the door of a pavilion; bār dādan to grant an audience; bār-i ‘ām public audience (STG) (Pers.)
- bārū
- Wall, rampart, bulwark, fortification; fort; tower; battlements, embrasures (STG) (Pers.)
- bār-i cām
- Public audience (STG) (Pers.)
- bāra
- Walls, fortifications, anything which divides or separates two objects; bāra-yi nuhum the ninth heaven (STG) (Pers.)
- bārgāh
- Place of leave or admission applied to ambassadors and supplicants, i.e. the king’s court, palace, tent, tribunal, audience hall (STG) (Pers.)
- b'chira
- The first rains of the season (Heb.)
- behisht
- A paradise (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)
- belleme
- To dig over with a fork or spade (R) (ZAN) (Ot.)
- ber
- Well (Heb.)
- berçin
- Walled garden, walled field (TRM) (Ot.)
- berhūn
- Hedge, fence (FED) (OSM) (Ot.)
- beshola
- Ripe fruit (Heb.)
- besātīn
- Gardens (R); vegetable gardens, melon gardens, kitchen gardens (FED) (ATI) (LEH) (Ot.)
- beyūn
- Synonym of bāin; large well (FED) (Ot.)
- bihisht
- Paradise; heaven; bihisht zār place like heaven (STG) (Pers.)
- bikurim
- The first fruits that were presented in the Temple on the holiday of Shavu’ot (Pentecost) (Heb.)
- bi’r, bīr (pl. ābār)
- Well (Ar.)
- birka
- Reservoir of water, pond, pool, ditch (STG) (Pers.)
- bisārah
- Bench; portico, veranda (STG) (Pers.)
- bisārdah
- Plowed; watered (STG) (Pers.)
- bisārdan
- To plow, to break up fallow ground (STG) (Pers.)
- bitek
- Fertile soil (R) (TDK) (KAM) (Ot.)
- bitelge
- Fertility of the soil (TDK) (Ot.)
- bizr[ah] (pl. buzūr)
- Seed; kernel, pip, pit, stone (of fruit) (Ar.)
- bīdistān
- Grove of willows, osier-bed (STG) (Pers.)
- bīl
- Shovel, spade; oar; gardener, vine dresser; well (in Zand and Pāzand) (STG) (Pers.)
- bīrūnī
- External (STG) (Pers.)
- bīsutūn
- Without pillars; name of a mountain in Persia; the heavens (STG) (Pers.)
- bīsha
- Forest, wood, wild, uncultivated country; country overgrown with reeds and the like (STG) (Pers.)
- bīyābān
- Uncultivated, deserted; desert (STG) (Pers.)
- bor
- Fallow; uncultivated field (Heb.)
- borit, birit
- Strap or tie that binds a plow-shaft to the knees of the plower (Heb.)
- boriyot
- Trees and other orchard species that are damaged and do not bear fruit (Heb.)
- bosem
- Perfume, scent (Heb.)
- bostan
- Garden, vegetable garden, melon garden, kitchen garden (R) (NA) (TDK); synonym of çemen, çemenzar, sebzezar, yeşillik, yeşilistan, murğuzar, bağça, büstan, kiştzar, çayır, sebzistan (MEN); garden; vegetable garden (ATI); garden, flower garden vegetable garden, melon, watermelon (KAM); (LEH); field where melons and watermelons are grown, common term for melon and watermelon, cucumber (MED); kitchen garden, vegetable garden, melon garden; a common term for melon and watermelon, cucumber (TRM); large vegetable garden (TRK) (Ot.)
- bostan beli
- Gardener’s spade with a very long handle (R) (TRM) (Ot.)
- bostan beygiri
- Horse that turns a waterwheel (R) (KUB) (Ot.)
- bostan çapası
- Garden hoe (TRM) (Ot.)
- bostan dolabı
- Noria, waterwheel for irrigation (R) (TDK) (ARS) (TRM) (ARS) (KUB) (Ot.)
- bostan korkuluğu
- Scarecrow (R) (TDK) (MED) (HAY) (TRM) (KUB) (Ot.)
- bostan kuyusu
- Large but not very deep well (TRM); well large enough and with sufficient water for the waterwheel to turn and water the garden (KUB) (Ot.)
- bostancı
- Market gardener, vegetable gardener; member of the Ottoman imperial guard (R) (NA); gardener of an orchard, guards of the imperial gardens (guarded the imperial court court as well as imperial gardens) (TDK) (HAY); gardener of an orchard, guards of the imperial gardens, Ottoman imperial guards who had jurisdiction over the imperial gardens and shores and waters of the Bosphorus (HUK) (TEM) (TRH) (VLD) (KUB); synonym of bağçaci, bağçavan, bağçaban, büstani, büsti, salataci, bakkal, bakıl, tere-füruş, sebze-füruş, budayici (MEN); synonym of hadīka-bān (LEH); gardener of an orchard, guards of the imperial gardens (TRM) (Ot.)
- bostancıbaşı
- Ottoman commander of the imperial guards who had jurisdiction over the imperial gardens and shores and waters of the Bosporos (R) (NA) (OTR) (TDS) (KUB) (Ot.)
- botanika
- Botany (Heb.)
- boustropedon
- An ancient method of writing in which the lines are inscribed alternately from right to left and from left to right the way an ox turns while plowing (Heb.)
- bozmak
- To harvest grapes, vintage (TDK); to harvest the fruits of a garden (ATI) (KUB) (Ot.)
- buhaira
- Garden designed around a huge water reservoir and surrounded by fortified walls (Ar.)
- bunāb
- The bottom or depth of water (STG) (Pers.)
- bunduq (pl. banādiq)
- Hazelnut (FN 2:1180–81) (Ar.)
- bunk
- Root, core, heart, best part (FN 1:95; Wehr, 94) (Ar.)
- burghul
- Bulgur, crushed wheat, grits (Ar.)
- burj
- Tower; dovecote; constellation of stars; station of a planet (STG) (Pers.)
- burun
- Tip, pointed end (R) (NA) (Ot.)
- bustān farāz
- Rose bed (STG) (Pers.)
- bustānārāy
- Gardener (Pers.)
- bustānbān
- Gardener, vine dresser (STG) (Pers.)
- bustānchi
- Gardener (MUN) (Pers.)
- bustānī
- Hortulan; gardener (STG) (Pers.)
- bustānpirā
- Gardener, vine dresser (STG) (Pers.)
- bustānsārāy
- Palace garden (STG) (Pers.)
- bustan
- Orchard cultivated for profit and pleasure (Morocco) (Ar.)
- bustan
- Orchard (Heb.)
- buṭum [shajarat al-]
- Turpentine tree (terebinth) (Ar.)
- būm
- Country, region; desert land not yet cultivated; mansion or place where one dwells in safety (STG) (Pers.)
- būstān
- Baghs containing aromatic flowering plants spreading sweet scented smells; vegetable garden (F.D) (B.S) (Urdu)
- būstān (pl. basātīn)
- Place of perfume, garden, kitchen garden, green space; name of many Arabian and Persian books, the most celebrated of which is the Būstān-i Sa‛dī (STG) (Pers.)
- būy
- Odor, fragrance, perfume; scent, spice; portion, part, lot (STG) (Pers.)
- bāğ-ı bahar
- Spring garden (R); spring garden, promenade, world (FED) (Ot.)
- bāgat
- Vineyards, gardens, orchards (FED) (ATI) (OTS) (Ot.)
- bāğbān
- Gardener, vine grower (R) (NA) (BAH) (KAM) (FED) (RTK) (Ot.)
- bāğistan
- Place full of many gardens and vineyards (KUB) (FED) (KAM) (Ot.)
- bāin
- Large well (FED) (OKS) (Ot.)
- būstān
- Garden, flower garden, full of perfume (FED) (MÜK) (KUB) (Ot.)
- būstān-bān
- Gardener (FED) (Ot.)
- camekān
- Greenhouse; glasshouse, hothouse, conservatory (ARS) (HAY) (TRM) (Ot.)
- camlı köşk
- Glasshouse (ARS) (TDK) (KUB) (Ot.)
- camlık
- Place shut in with glass (R) (TDK) (KAM) (MED) (HAY) (MED) (LEH) (ARS) (KUB) (Ot.)
- carmen
- Spanish form of the Arabic karm vineyard, or domain planted with vineyards. In al-Andalus, a garden with connotations of pleasant retirement. In agricultural texts of al-Andalus, karm (pl. kurum) is an agricultural domain forming an entity, and in Nasrid Granada (fourteenth century), it implies both agricultural use and residential leisure (Ar.)
- cennān
- Gardener (FED) (Ot.)
- cennāt
- Plural of paradise, heaven (R) (FED); full of trees, garden, watery place (OTS); gardens of paradise (FED) (Ot.)
- chabutra
- Raised bank or terrace; platform (F.U.E.D) (T.J) (Urdu)
- chafror
- Mattock (Heb.)
- chaft
- Saloon built of wood and supported on columns; prop, trellis; chaft-i falak the celestial vault (STG) (Pers.)
- chafta
- Prop for a vine; bat; vaulted roof (STG) (Pers.)
- chahār bālish
- Royal throne, place spread with four cushions; the four elements; the four quarters of the globe; the world; quadrangular tent (STG) (Pers.)
- chahār basit
- The four elements (STG) (Pers.)
- chahār chaman
- The world (STG) (Pers.)
- chahār dāng
- The four quarters (STG) (Pers.)
- chahār divār
- The four quarters of the world; the four elements (water, earth, wind, and fire) (STG) (Pers.)
- chahār divāri/chahār divār
- Enclosure wall, four walls enclosing any ground/structure (S.N) (Urdu)
- chahār hāshīya
- Having four borders (STG) (Pers.)
- chahār jūy
- Rivers of paradise (STG) (Pers.)
- chahār sūq
- Marketplace (STG) (Pers.)
- chahār tāq
- A kind of tent (STG) (Pers.)
- chahārbāgh
- chārbāgh a palace; chārbāgh name of celebrated royal gardens in the environs of Ispahan and near Dehli, hence in general a royal garden or park (STG) (Pers.)
- chahārpāra
- Four parts; divided into or consisting of four parts (STG) (Pers.)
- chaiad
- Everlasting; aizoon (Heb.)
- chaklai
- Farmer (Heb.)
- chakla'ut
- Agriculture; farming (Heb.)
- chalok, chelek
- Smooth stone, pebble (Heb.)
- chamānīdan
- To walk gracefully; chamān walking; cham an easy air, a swinging or vacillating motion in walking; chaman gard walking about in the gardens; chaman sair = chaman sayr promenading in the gardens; chaman suffa a garden seat; chaman tarāz gardener; chaman pīrā gardener; chaman band gardener; chamansāz gardener; chaman afrūz brightening the garden (applied to various flowers) (STG); chamish a portly gait in walking (Pers.)
- chamama
- Greenhouse (Heb.)
- chaman
- Vineyards and orchards, particularly orchards of pomegranates. Flowering shrubs are also an integral part of a chaman and different varieties of flowering plants provide a visual delight and promote spiritual solace. Generally lacks a pavilion or any other architectural embellishment. Vines are allowed to dominate the landscape. Large bāghs frequently contain smaller sections designed as chaman. Chamans are planted with sabza (grass); hence the term is also used to denote a meadow (F.U.E.D) (Qasā’id) (Urdu)
- chaman
- Orchard, fruit garden; meadow, green field, verdant plain, garden plot or bed, raised border, parterre, avenue; pasture ground (STG) (Pers.)
- chaman band
- Gardener; fountain (STG) (Pers.)
- chaman pīrā
- Gardener, pruner (STG) (Pers.)
- chaman pirān
- Gardener designers dealing with planting (F.U.E.D) (Qasā’id) (Urdu)
- chamanistān
- Verdant meadows (STG) (Pers.)
- chamanzār
- Verdant meadows; prairie (STG) (Pers.)
- chamra
- Red loam (Heb.)
- chanat
- Ripen (Heb.)
- chapar
- Palisade; wooden hut (STG) (Pers.)
- charaba
- A knife for figs (Heb.)
- charish
- Plowing; plowing season (Heb.)
- charisha
- Plowing (Heb.)
- charisha
- Grove (Heb.)
- charsit
- Red soil; clay (Heb.)
- charul
- Thom, nettle, bramble (Heb.)
- chashma
- Spring (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)
- chasina
- Wicker basket (Heb.)
- chativa
- Cutting, chopping (Heb.)
- chatr
- Umbrella, parasol (especially as an ensign of royalty); tent (STG) (Pers.)
- chatzatz
- Rubble; gravel (Heb.)
- chatzer
- Yard, court, enclosure in village or town (Heb.)
- chava
- Farm, ranch (Heb.)
- chavai
- Farmer (Heb.)
- chavaot
- Farming (Heb.)
- chavilla
- Villa (Heb.)
- chawgān
- The game of polo or horse shinty; stick having one end arched, to which is suspended an iron or steel ball, carried as an ensign of royalty (STG) (Pers.)
- chādur
- Water chute or sheet. Chādur was introduced when a watercourse falls from a high level. Literally, chādur means “sheet,” but as an architectural element it is a waterfall over which water flows down like a sheet. It constitutes an important element of visual design. Marble and sandstones were carved in various patterns, angles, and forms so that when water runs over them, the water produced an interesting texture and sound. The Nishat garden in Kashmir is perhaps the finest example where water chutes are used at almost every level difference (S.N) (Urdu)
- chādur
- Tent, pavilion; chādur-i āb waterfall, cascade; chādur-i lājavard the azure sky, a verdant meadow (STG) (Pers.)
- chāh
- Well. There ware three main sources of the supply of water to the gardens: canal, wells, and rainwater. Lands watered via canals are termed nehri, those by wells chāhi, and those by rainwater barani. During the Mughal period doabs (land between two rivers) were mostly irrigated by chāhi (F.U.E.D) (Bayaz) (Urdu)
- chāl
- Ravine (STG) (Pers.)
- chekal
- Field (Heb.)
- cheled
- World; earth (Heb.)
- chelka
- Field plot; lot (Heb.)
- chenet, chanita
- Ripening (Heb.)
- chermesh
- Sickle (Heb.)
- chermeshit
- Curved knife (a small sickle) (Heb.)
- cherut
- Palm branch, palm leaf (Heb.)
- chevla
- Property; estate (Heb.)
- chihil sutūn
- Colonnade (STG) (Pers.)
- chināristān
- Place where china is kept; an apartment adorned with china (STG) (Pers.)
- chiposhit
- Beetle (Heb.)
- chirāghān
- An illumination (STG) (Pers.)
- chisa
- Bushes, brush (Heb.)
- chishma
- Fountain, source, spring; a vaulted arch; chishma-yi akhz̤ar fountain of immortality; chishma-yi pul arch of a bridge; chishma-yi khiz̤r and chishma-yi nūsh fountain of life; chishma-yi salsabīl spring or river in paradise (STG) (Pers.)
- chishma-yi shīr
- Stream of milk in paradise (MUN) (Pers.)
- chīna
- Course of bricks or stone in a wall; layers of large stones, bricks, or turfs in building walls (STG) (Pers.)
- chīnī khāna
- Place where china is kept; an apartment adorned with china (STG) (Pers.)
- chocher
- Renter, tenant, lessee (Heb.)
- chol
- Sand (Heb.)
- choma
- Wall (Heb.)
- choref
- Winter (Heb.)
- choresh, chorsha
- Grove (Heb.)
- choter
- Branch that emerges from the tree trunk close to the roots (Heb.)
- chotev
- Woodcutter (Heb.)
- chūbbast
- Scaffold (STG) (Pers.)
- chūgh
- Yoke; trench or canal cut through gardens or meadows; dam (STG) (Pers.)
- ciba
- Small garden, courtyard (TRM) (Ot.)
- cirid
- Synonym of cirit; stick used as a dart in the mounted game of jereed (R) (NA) (Ot.)
- çahar-bağ
- Synonym of cahar bağ; a Persian garden-type divided by two paths into four sections (NA) (Ot.)
- çalılık
- Thicket, bushes, brushwood (R) (MEN) (ARS) (MED) (Ot.)
- çapalamak
- To hoe (R) (TDK) (Ot.)
- çardak
- Pergola, trellis, bower, gazebo (R) (NA) (KAM) (MED) (ARS) (LEH) (MED) (TRM) (TEM) (Ot.)
- çarh-ı āb-kesī
- Persian waterwheel (R); as bostan dolabı, noria, waterwheel for irrigation (FED) (Ot.)
- çelik aşısı
- Bud into the stock, grafting, budding (MED) (Ot.)
- çelki
- Garden cottage, vineyard hut (TRM) (Ot.)
- çemenbend
- Gardener (R) (OTS) (Ot.)
- çemenistān
- Meadow land, garden (HAY) (OSM) (FED) (KUB) (Ot.)
- çemenzār
- Synonym of çemenistān, meadowland; green meadow, grassy plot (R) (MEN) (NA); meadowland, garden (TRK) (Ot.)
- çemenārā
- Gardener (R) (FED) (Ot.)
- çengel
- Full of trees, wooded, wood, copse, bush (OSM) (OTS) (Ot.)
- çeper
- Wall, fence (R) (TDK-2); small garden, small vegetable garden (KAM) (TRM); stone garden wall (ZAN) (Ot.)
- çepin
- Gardener's hoe, small hoe (R) (TDK) (KAM) (TRM) (TEM) (Ot.)
- çerge
- Small hut or a makeshift tent in an orchard (R) (ZAN) (Ot.)
- çevirme
- Small enclosed garden (KAM) (TRM) (Ot.)
- çevlik
- Synonym of çevirme; small walled garden or field (ATI) (MER) (TRM) (Ot.)
- çevlük
- Kitchen garden in front of a house (ZAN) (Ot.)
- çevre duvarı
- Wall enclosing a garden or a field (ARS) (Ot.)
- çiçek bahçesi
- Flower garden (TRM) (R) (NA) (TRM) (Ot.)
- çiçek tarhı
- Parterre, flowerbed (R) (NA) (TRM) (Ot.)
- çiçekçilik
- Floriculture, florist (R) (TDK) (MED) (ARK) (Ot.)
- çiçekdanlık
- Floriculture, florist (R) (TDK) (MED) (ARK) (Ot.)
- çiçekdanlık
- Synonym of çiçeklik; vase, flower vase, flower stand, flower garden, flowerbed, flower house; conservatory, receptacle (R) (OSM) (Ot.)
- çit
- Hedge; fence of hurdles, fence (R) (TDK) (OSM) (TSD) (ATI) (ARS) (DLT) (TRM) (TEM) (KUB) (Ot.)
- çitenlik
- Garden, courtyard, kitchen garden (TRM) (Ot.)
- çiti
- Synonym of çit; hedge; fence of hurdles, fence (R), trellis (ARS) (Ot.)
- çocuk bahçesi
- Children’s park (R) (HAY) (MED) (TDK) (ARS) (EGT) (KUB) (Ot.)
- çocuk parkı
- Synonym of çocuk bahçesi; children’s park (R) (MED) (Ot.)
- dabbūr
- Hornet; wasp (see also Ar. zunbūr) (Ar.)
- dabūr
- Westerly wind, zephyr (Ar.)
- dachlil
- Scarecrow (Heb.)
- daghal (pl. adghāl)
- Place with luxuriant tree growth; thicket, bush, jungle (Wehr 328) (Ar.)
- daghil[ah]
- Covered with dense overgrowth (Wehr, 328) (Ar.)
- dahmasht [darakht-i dahmasht]
- Bay laurel tree (Pers.)
- dakka
- Bench; counter for sitting (STG) (Pers.)
- darakht
- Tree (Pers.)
- darbār
- House, dwelling; court, area; court or levee of a prince; audience chamber (STG) (Pers.)
- dardār [shajarat al-]
- Elm tree (possibly) (FN 1:173–74; Wehr, 320) (Ar.)
- dargāh
- King’s court; port, portal, gate, door; lower threshold; court before a palace or great house; large bench or place for reclining; mosque (STG) (Pers.)
- darsār
- Curtain hung before a door, an antechamber, an outer wall (STG) (Pers.)
- darwāza
- Entrance door or gate (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)
- daryācha
- Lake, pool (STG) (Pers.)
- dasht
- Desert, plain without water; burial ground (STG) (Pers.)
- dastgird
- Pahlavi dastgirt (Pers.)
- dawā (pl. adwiyah)
- Medicine, remedy (Ar.)
- dawḥah [shajarat al-]
- Large tree with widespread branches (Lane, 929; Wehr, 343) (Ar.)
- dawlatkhānah
- Palace; dawlatkhāna-i khās the king’s palace (STG) (Pers.)
- dawlatkhānah
- Mansion, palace, house (F.U.E.D.) (S.N) (Urdu)
- dālān
- Courtyard, large hall (F.U.E.D) (M.A) (Urdu)
- dālān
- Hall, vestibule; covered way; corridor (STG) (Pers.)
- dār
- Beam; roof of a house; tree (Pahlavi); dār-i razān vine trellis; house, dwelling; seat; country, district; dār ‘l imārat royal residence, capital; dār‘l saltanah royal residence (STG) (Pers.)
- dārafzīn
- Anything upon which one leans; raised bench or sofa; screen, lattice (STG) (Pers.)
- dārbast
- Vine trellis (STG) (Pers.)
- dārkhāl
- Ungrafted tree; branch; sapling (STG) (Pers.)
- dārūmı̄qā
- A plant otherwise known in Persian as kashanj (FN 1:597–98) (Syr.)
- dās
- Sickle (STG) (Pers.)
- deshen
- Chemical fertilizer, ash (Heb.)
- dhurrah (pl. dhurar or dhurāt)
- Seed, grain, corn (as miniscule measure of weight, see Q 99:7–8; 34:3, 22; 10:61; 4:40) (Ar.)
- diflā [shajarat al-]
- Oleander (FN 1:183–84; Wehr, 331); rose-bay or laurel-bay; oleander, rhododendron, or rhododaphne (Lane, 893) (Ar.)
- diken
- Thorn (Ottoman Tukrish)
- dikim
- Planting, as in dikim zamanı (planting season), also referred to in classical Ottoman as zamān-i ghars (see Ar. ghars) (TDK) (ATI) (TRM) (Ot.)
- dikme
- Seedling, young plant (R); to plant, young plant (TDK) (Ot.)
- dikmek
- Plant, transplant, implant (R) (HAY) (TDK) (MED) (ARS) (LEH) (YAK) (KAM) (Ot.)
- dikmelik
- Nursery (KAM) (TDK) (Ot.)
- dilul
- Thinning out some seedlings to improve the growth of the remaining ones (Heb.)
- dirakht
- Tree (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)
- dirakht
- Tree, plant, bush, shrub; beam; column (STG) (Pers.)
- dirakhtistān
- Planted with trees (STG) (Pers.)
- dirakhtnāk
- Full of trees, woody (STG) (Pers.)
- dishun
- Fertilizing by various means (Heb.)
- divār
- Wall that encloses a formal bāgh (F.D) (S.N) (Urdu)
- dizh
- Gallery, balcony; fortress (STG) (Pers.)
- dīvānkhāna
- Tribunal, office; audience hall (STG) (Pers.)
- dolap
- Waterwheel (R) (KAM) (KAR) (Ot.)
- dukkān
- Shop; workshop (STG) (Pers.)
- dulb [shajarat al-]
- Plane tree, sycamore (FN 1:168–70; Lane, 902; Wehr, 335) (Ar.)
- durrāq
- Peach (Ar.)
- ḍayʿah (pl. ḍayāʿ)
- Village, hamlet; country estate, rural property (Ar.)
- einav
- Grape (Heb.)
- egoz ilsar
- Hazelnut (Heb.)
- ekim
- Sowing (Ot.)
- elma
- Apple (Ottoman Turkish
- enāristān
- Pomegranate garden (MÜN) (Ot.)
- enginar
- Artichoke (Ot.)
- et
- Plowshare; shovel (Heb.)
- etz
- Tree, wood (Heb.)
- faghistān
- Idol temple; haram of a prince (STG) (Pers.)
- falach
- Peasant, farmer (Heb.)
- fallāḥ
- Ploughman, though generally applied to agricultural farmer in modern usage (Ar.)
- faqqūs
- A kind of large cucumber (Ibn Mammātī, 82; Wehr, 846) (Ar.)
- farshūqīyah
- A plant otherwise known in Greek as oskūlanus or uskūlanus, or also kandrūsākūs (FN 1:585–87) (Ar.)
- farūṣāhı̄
- A vegetable similar to leek that grows along the Euphrates in Mesopotamia (FN 1:581–83) (Syr.)
- farʿ (pl. furūʿ)
- Branches (Ar.)
- favvāra
- Jet d’eau, fountain, spring (STG) (Pers.)
- fayjal
- Rue (see also sadhāb) (Lane, 1337) (Ar.)
- ferādīs-i cennet
- Synonym of ferādīs: plural of firdevs; garden of paradise, heaven (R) (FED) (Ot.)
- fidan çukurı
- Sapling pit (MEN) (Ot.)
- fidan dikilen yer
- Sapling, young tree, plant bed (TSD) (Ot.)
- fidanlık
- Nursery (R) (TDK) (KAM) (MED) (VLD) (Ot.)
- fide
- Seedling (R) (TDK-2) (TYS) (KAM) (LEH) (MED) (TRK) (Ot.)
- fidān
- Sapling, young tree, plant, bush (R) (NA) (ARK) (MEN) (TDK) (TYS) (HAY) (MED) (LEH) (KAM) (Ot.)
- filāḥah, falḥ
- Agriculture, horticulture. According to Toufic Fahd, filāḥah in the earliest Arabic texts of this genre can also have, in additional to agriculture, the meaning of botany (Fahd, Encyclopedia of the History of Arabic Science, 3:813) (Ar.)
- firdaws
- Garden, vineyard, paradise; fertile valley (STG) (Pers.)
- firdevs (pl. ferādīs)
- The garden of paradise, heaven (R); paradise, heaven, garden (OSM) (RIZ) (HAY); valley where every kind of plant is grown, vineyard, garden, highest heaven (MED) (FED) (CUD); heaven, garden (RTK); vegetable garden, garden (NAC); garden, paradise (Koran 18 Kehf 107, 23 Mü‘mimūn 11) (SKA) (Ot.)
- fisṭoq
- Pistachio (Heb.)
- fiṣfiṣah
- Lucerne, alfalfa (Ar.)
- frawlah
- Strawberry (Ar.)
- fujl (pl. fujūl)
- Radish, divided into Shāmı̄ (Levantine), mustaṭı̄l (elongated), and barīy (wild) (FN 1:552–55) (Ar.)
- fustuq
- Pistachio (FN 2:1181–82) (Ar.)
- fuṭr
- Fungus; mushrooms (Ar.)
- fūdhanaj
- Pennyroyal, Mentha pulegium (FN 2:771; Dozy, Supplément 2:288) (Ar.)
- gababa
- Dry pieces of straw remaining after collecting cut wheat (Heb.)
- gadish
- Pile of cut wheat (Heb.)
- gadud
- Small ridge or mound raised by the plow after opening the furrow (Heb.)
- gan
- A place to raise various trees, especially fruit trees (Heb.)
- gan yarak
- Vegetable garden (Heb.)
- gan-eden
- Garden of Eden (Heb.)
- gana
- A smaller version of the above, a vineyard or orchard (Heb.)
- ganan
- Craftsman who creates gardens; gardener (Heb.)
- ganan
- Gardener, expert in the care of trees and plants (Heb.)
- ganit
- Smaller version of the above, adjacent to a house (Heb.)
- garmkhāna
- Hothouse; subterranean dwelling for warmth; greenhouse (STG) (Pers.)
- gars
- Planting (R) (NA); planting, plant (OSM); planting tree (KAM) (Ot.)
- gars-ı escār
- Planting tree (OSM) (Ot.)
- gawdāl
- Low-lying ground (STG) (Pers.)
- gaytān
- Garden (EVL) (Ot.)
- gelif
- Watchman’s hut in vineyards or gardens (TRM) (Ot.)
- gelincik
- Poppy (Ot.)
- gever
- Small lateral channel for irrigation (R) (TRM) (Ot.)
- gevermek
- To let in, to insert (water) (R) (TRM) (Ot.)
- gharaz
- Panic grass, also known as thumām (Lane, 2246) (Ar.)
- ghālālūṭā
- Originally a plant native to Egypt that was transplanted to Mesopotamia, the leaves of which are similar to the atraj (citron tree), though a bit thinner (FN 1:527–28) (Syr.)
- ghār [shajarat al-]
- Bay laurel tree (Ar.)
- gharāsah, gharas, yaghrisu
- Planting, to plant (Ar.)
- ghubar
- Dust (Ar.)
- ghubayrā’ [shajarat al-]
- Rowan or mountain ash (Lane, 2224). The FN does not give any specific description other than that it is found in Mesopotamia (bābil), thrives in hot and arid regions, and originates in the Indian region of Mak[k]ī (FN 1:185–86). Given that the rowan or mountain ash is well-known for its intensely red fruits, one should hesitate to identify the tree in FN with the rowan tree of the same name (Ar.)
- ghulām gardish
- Room between two others in which it opens; loggia and gate of a building; wall between the women’s quarters and the audience hall (MUN) (Pers.)
- gulnār
- Pomegranate flower (see also Arabicized jullanār) (Pers.)
- ghurfa
- Parlor, upper apartment, room for taking meals; paradise, the seventh heaven (STG) (Pers.)
- gidul
- Growth; care and fostering of animals, children, and plants and meeting their developmental needs (Heb.)
- gidum
- Sever, chop (Heb.)
- gizum
- Cutting or pruning of dry or extraneous branches to give a plant or vine the desired form to augment its growth (Heb.)
- g'mila
- Ripening of fruit (Heb.)
- g'mina
- Pruning of trees (Heb.)
- goruk
- Garden, vineyard (VLD) (Ot.)
- gul
- Rose; flower (STG) (Pers.)
- gul pīrāy
- Gardener, horticulturist (STG) (Pers.)
- guldasta
- A handful of roses; minaret (STG) (Pers.)
- gulgasht
- Pleasant place for walking or recreation, especially blooming with roses and other flowers; evening walk (STG) (Pers.)
- gulistān
- Rose garden; flower garden; celebrated Persian book in prose and verse, by Shaykh Sa‛di (1210–1291/92) (STG) (Pers.)
- gulistū
- Flower garden (STG) (Pers.)
- gulnāk
- Rose garden; flowerbed (STG) (Pers.)
- gulshan
- Rose or flower garden; bed of roses or flowers; delightful spot; pleasure palace; gulshan-i quds the highest heaven; gulshan āray gardener, horticulturist; gulshan sarāy garden palace (STG) (Pers.)
- gulshan farūz
- Gardener (spec. who plants roses) (STG) (Pers.)
- gulshan tarāz
- Gardener, horticulturist (STG)
- gulzār
- Rose garden; flourishing and well populated town; blooming, flourishing (STG) (Pers.)
- gunbad
- Arch, vault, cupola, dome, tower (STG) (Pers.)
- gübre
- Fertilizer, dung, manure, droppings (R) (NA); fertilizer, dung, manure, droppings, chemical or natural fertilizer (TDK) (Ot.)
- gül bahçesi
- Rose garden (R) (NA) (TSD) (TRM) (Ot.)
- gül-bağ
- Rose garden (R) (OSM) (KUB) (Ot.)
- gülbün
- Rosebush (R) (OSM) (HAY) (OTS) (Ot.)
- gülistan
- Rose garden (R) (NA) (OSM); synonym of çiçeklik, gülşen (MEN) (KAM) (ARS) (KUB) (Ot.)
- güllük
- Rose garden, bed of roses, place full of roses (R) (TDK) (BAY) (HAY) (TRM) (ARK) (KUB) (Ot.)
- gülşen ü gülzār
- Rose garden (R) (OSM) (Ot.)
- hadāik-i Hassa
- Imperial gardens (R) (KUB) (NA); imperial gardens outside of the courts (TLG) (MED) (Ot.)
- hadhartāyā
- Plant that grows along the Jordan river (FN 1:538–41) (Nab. Syr.)
- hadiqa
- Enclosure planted with fruit and palm trees but without vineyards (Ar.)
- hadīka (pl. hadāik, hadāyık)
- Garden, park, orchard (R) (OSM) (KAM); garden full of trees, garden with water (MÜK) (CUD); garden with trees, synonym of ravza, firdevs, bağ bostan (LEH); garden, park, orchard enclosed with a wall (YTL); garden full of trees enclosed with a wall, garden with water (NAC); a garden full of trees and water (KUB); garden full of trees (RTK) (Ot.)
- hadīka-i ferahfeza
- Spacious, open garden (OSM) (Ot.)
- hadīka-i hāssa
- Imperial gardens (R) (KAM) (Ot.)
- hadīkat
- Garden and orchard; if it is not enclosed by a wall it cannot be called hadīka (AHT) (Ot.)
- hadīqa (pl. hadāyiq)
- Garden (STG) (Pers.)
- hadīqa
- Orchard; palm plantation; enclosed garden (STG) (Pers.)
- hafracha
- Bringing about budding or flowering; yielding (Heb.)
- Hag Ha'asif (succot)
- Harvest festival; tabernacles (Heb.)
- Hag Ha'bicorim
- Festival of First Fruits; Pentecost (Heb.)
- hammām
- Hot bath; Turkish bath (STG) (Pers.)
- haram
- Forbidden; haram khāna = haram sarā women’s apartments (STG) (Pers.)
- haram
- Ladies section or apartment (F.U.E.D) (Urdu)
- harım
- Vegetable and fruit garden, fence for a field or a garden (TDK); fence for a field or a garden (YÖR); garden or orchard or vegetable garden, fig garden, field accessible to water, valuable field near the village or town, garden fence (TRM); garden fence (YÖR) (ZAN) (Ot.)
- harkava
- Propagation (Heb.)
- hars
- Tilling, sowing, plowing (STG) (Pers.)
- hasbahçe bostancıları
- Members of the imperial guard (R); gardener-guards of the imperial gardens (OTL) (TDS) (Ot.)
- hasbahçe ocağı
- Janissary corps of the sultan’s private gardens (TDS) (Ot.)
- hasbahçe
- Private garden of the sultan (R) (NA) (ARS) (OTL) (TLG) (MED) (SAN); imperial gardens and orchards in a court (TEM) (TDS) (Ot.)
- hashka'a
- Irrigation (Heb.)
- hashrasha
- Rooting a plant (Heb.)
- hasht bihisht
- The eight paradises (STG) (Pers.)
- havchala
- Fruit that is almost ripe; accelerating the maturation of fruit by artificial means (Heb.)
- hawm
- Name of a tree resembling the tamarisk; name of a descendant of Faridum, a sacrifice offered to the fire, a burnt-offering (STG) (Pers.)
- hawz̤
- Large reservoir of water, basin of a fountain, pond, tank, vat, cistern; hawz̤-i kaws̱ar reservoir of nectar in paradise; hawz̤cha = hawz̤ak small reservoir, cistern; hawz̤khāna building containing basins of water (STG) (Pers.)
- hawz̤-i jūshān
- hawż reservoir of water + jūshān boiling (STG) (Pers.)
- hayāt
- Walls, inner court, yard, vestibule (STG) (Pers.)
- hā‘ir, hayr (pl. huran, hiran)
- Place enclosed for cattle raising, with a pocket of water; a large precinct within a royal garden, such as a zoological garden. In al-Andalus, a pavilion in a garden within the precincts of a large palace (Ar.)
- hā’it
- Vegetable or pleasure garden enclosed within solid walls (Ar.)
- hāshīya
- Margin, border; flowerbed, parterre; hāshīya-yi bāgh bandī = hāshīya bandī to create flowerbeds in a garden (STG) (Pers.)
- hilyawn
- Asparagus (Ar.)
- hindubā’
- Endive (FN 2:761–71 (Ar.)
- hintayvası
- Custard apple (Ot.)
- hisār
- Besieging; encompassing; fortified town, fort, castle; fence, enclosure; hisār-i barīn the highest heaven; hisār-i pīrūza sky (STG) (Pers.)
- hisār
- Fortification wall that encloses a qasr (F.D) (J.N) (Urdu)
- hovara
- Letting a field lay fallow (Heb.)
- hujra
- Chamber (STG) (Pers.)
- hydroponika
- Hydroponics; using water containing all essential salts instead of soil as a growth medium (Heb.)
- ḥadd[ah], ḥiddah
- Sharp (Ar.)
- ḥaḍaḍ [shajarat al-]
- A thorny tree that grows in desolate prairies (FN 2:1259–60) (Ar.)
- ḥaḍı̄ḍ
- A depressed piece of ground at the place where a mountain ends (Lane, 588) (Ar.)
- ḥalḥal makthā
- The Nabataean Syriac name for the Greek kākūlāmı̄nūsh (FN 1:591–93) (Syr.)
- ḥamaḍı̄, ḥāmiḍ[ah], ḥumūḍah
- Sour (Ar.)
- ḥamḍ [shajarat al-]
- A kind of plant in which there is saltiness; camels eat it as though it were fruit and after which they drink (Dīnawarī, 26; Lane, 644) (Ar.)
- ḥaml
- Fruit of a tree (see also thamarah) (Lane, 648) (Ar.)
- ḥanẓal
- Colocynth (Ar.)
- ḥarīf[ah], ḥarāfah
- Acidic (acidity); tart (Ar.)
- ḥasbanā [shajarat al-]
- A Mesopotamian tree, the fruit of which is similar to that of the bitter orange (nāranj) or citron (atraj) tree (FN 1:189–93) (Ar.)
- ḥashı̄sh
- Hemp (see also qunnab) (Ar.)
- ḥatsı̄l
- Aubergine, eggplant (Heb.)
- ḥawar [shajarat al-]
- Either a plane tree or white poplar (FN 2:1246–47; Lane, 666; Wehr, 247) (Ar.)
- ḥinnā
- Henna (FN 2:1265–66) (Ar.)
- ḥinṭah
- Wheat (see also qamḥ) (Ar.)
- ḥirāthah, ḥaratha, yaḥrithu
- Farming, to farm (Ar.)
- ḥiṣrim
- Unripe and sour grapes (Ibn Mammātī, 82; Wehr, 213) (Ar.)
- ḥomets
- Vinegar; also leavened food (Heb.)
- ḥummāḍ
- Sorrel (FN 1:619–20) (Ar.)
- ḥummuṣ
- Chickpeas (Ar.)
- Ibrāhı̄m [shajarat al-]
- According to FN, this is a specific term used by the Nabateans and the Canaanites [sic] to refer to a blessed tree similar to the ghubayrā’ that grows in Mesopotamia in arid climates, has yellow and perfumed flowers, and grows very tall, the latter of which being the reason for the application of the prophetic-biblical namesake (FN 1:186–91) (Ar.)
- idit
- Best soil (Heb.)
- idur
- Hoeing, tilling (Heb.)
- igum
- Impounding of water to create a lake (Heb.)
- i‛imārat
- Cultivating, rendering habitable a building, edifice, structure; palace; sacred fabric (STG) (Pers.)
- i‛imarat-i sardar
- ‛imarat building + sardar lintel of a door (STG) (Pers.)
- ijāṣ [shajarat al-]
- Plum tree (FN 2:1189–90, 1198) (Ar.)
- ikar
- Farmer (Heb.)
- ilan
- Tree (Heb.)
- incir
- Fig (Ot.)
- iqshmūyā
- Leafless Mesopotamian plant (FN 1:626–28) (Syr.)
- iqṭāʿ
- Land tenure (Ar.)
- İrem
- The mystical gardens said to have been devised by Shaddad bin Ad in emulation of the garden of Paradise (R) (NA); as bağ-ı İrem (OSS) (Ot.)
- isḥārah (pl. siḥār)
- A type of herb upon which grows māl (Dīnawarī, 30) (Ar.)
- iskān
- Settlement and sedentarization (Ar.)
- ispargham
- Name of an odoriferous herb; any green herb; verdure; any fragrant herb (STG) (Pers.)
- isparlūs
- Palace (STG) (Pers.)
- issuv
- Weeding by hand (Heb.)
- istabl
- Stable (Arabic, from Greek στάβλιον) (STG) (Pers.)
- istakhr
- Lake, pool, ditch; ancient Persepolis (STG) (Pers.)
- ista’ṣala yasta’ṣilu, isti’ṣāl
- To uproot, to deracinate, to weed (Ar.)
- istinbāṭ, istanbaṭa yastanbiṭu
- To draw water (Ar.)
- ithr
- Litter or organic remnant/detritus (see also bāq) (Ibn Mammātı̄, 201) (Ar.)
- iṭlāʿ al-mā’
- Extraction of water (Ar.)
- ivān
- In a garden, a chamber/pavilion where important person sits and meets with the audience. It is usually located at a key focal point on the site affording a maximum view from the sitting area. These pavilions were most often located at the intersection of khyabans, at the termination of a vista or on one or either side of a pond hauz (F.D P.N) (Urdu)
- ivan chihl sutun
- Forty-pillared hall. During the Shah Jahan period, ivan chihl sutun were constructed and were known as Daulat Khāna Khās-o Am. These forty-pillared halls, therefore exist at Lahore, Shahjahanabad, and Agra (S.N.) (Urdu)
- izuk
- Tilling the soil in preparation for planting (Heb.)
- jadval
- Rivulet; ruled line, marginal line; column, table of contents (of a book); dried up river, brook (STG) (Pers.)
- jadvalbandī
- To lay down the grid of irrigation channels (Pers.)
- ja‛far
- Little stream; river; name of an imām (STG) (Pers.)
- jafnah (pl. jafnāt)
- A small well; a wooden bowl (Ar.)
- jaft
- Trellis; roof of a house (STG) (Pers.)
- jahān
- The world, universe (STG) (Pers.)
- jahān ārāy
- Adorning the world (STG) (Pers.)
- jahān namā
- jahān world + namā showing (Pers.)
- janabah
- Perennial plant (generic) (Ar.)
- jangal
- (Sanskrit janagala) wood, forest, thicket; country overgrown with wood, reeds, or long grass; jungle (STG) (Pers.)
- janna (pl. jnān)
- Place planted with fruit and palm trees. In classical Arabic, this garden also contains vineyards. In Marrakech and Fez, orchard or kitchen garden outside the city walls or in the Medina (Ar.)
- janna (pl. jinan, jannat)
- In the Quran, shady and densely planted paradises promised to believers (Ar.)
- jannat
- Garden, set with trees; grove of palm trees; paradise; heaven (STG) (Pers.)
- jannat
- Paradise, heaven (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)
- jar
- Crack, cleft, fissure, particularly in the ground; ditch, trench, cracked ground (STG) (Pers.)
- jard
- Royal throne (STG) (Pers.)
- jarı̄d
- Dried and barren palm branch (Ar.)
- jarjīr
- Watercress (FN 2:779–81; Wehr, 141) (Ar.)
- jawla gāh
- A field of jawla, a kind of grass (STG) (Pers.)
- jawla zār
- Prairie (Pers.)
- jawsa
- Balcony; kiosk; villa (STG) (Pers.)
- jawsaq
- Lofty building, palace; villa, kiosk (STG) (Pers.)
- jawz
- Walnut (FN 2:1173–77) (Ar.)
- jawz al-hindī
- Coconut (FN 2:1177) (Ar.)
- jawz al-ṭı̄b
- Nutmeg (Ar.)
- jazar bustānı̄
- A kind of root vegetable, presumably carrot, divided into bustānı̄ (garden variety) and barrīy (wild) (FN 1:557–59) (Ar.)
- jālīz
- Herbage, flowers and fruits (STG) (Pers.)
- jāmūs
- Water buffalo (Ar.)
- jān-i zamīn
- Herbage, flowers, and fruits (STG)
- jharoka
- Bay window where an emperor would sit to present himself to his audience. It is generally located above the floor level where the emperor used to sit but in case of residential buildings these are designed at the first floor level to overlook the view of the street and landscape beyond. The jharoka occupied a central position both in the diwan-e-khas-o-aam (hall of lords and the commons). These jharoka were decorated with floral patterns either painted on plaster or made in pietra dura work. It generally protruded from the main structure, so a person sitting in a jharoka was visible from three different sides. The emperor's seat in Hall of Public and Private audience were usually written as Jharoka-e Darshan (F.U.E.D) (B.S) (Urdu)
- jins (pl. ajnā)
- Sex, genus, type (Ar.)
- jirz
- Wall (Pers.)
- jisr
- Bridge (STG) (Pers.)
- jizār
- Time of the cutting off of the fruit of the palm tree (Lane, 419) (Ar.)
- joy
- Canal, stream of water (J.N) (Urdu)
- julaw-khān
- Façade of a house (STG) (Pers.)
- julaw-khānā
- Entrance forecourt, whether for a palace, tomb, or pleasure garden; antechamber, porch (F.D S.N) (Urdu)
- jullanār
- Pomegranate blossom (see original Per. gulnār) (Ar.)
- julnasrı̄n
- Flower similar to both jasmine and jonquil but with larger flowers (FN 1:136–37); most likely eglantine rose (sweet-brier) (Ar.)
- jummayz [shajarat al-]
- Sycamore fig-tree (FN 2:1205–6; Lane, 454; Wehr, 159) (Ar.)
- jummār
- Palm pith, palm core (Ibn Mammātī, 82; Lane, 454; Wehr, 159) (Ar.)
- junūb
- South; the south wind (Ar.)
- jūbı̄thā kuwı̄
- The Syriac term used for khandarūs (Gr. candarus = La. titricum romanum) (FN 1:516–17) (Syr.)
- jūy
- Running stream, rivulet; canal or gutter cut for the purpose of irrigation (STG) (Pers.)
- jūybār
- Great river formed by the confluence of many smaller streams; riverbank; place abounding in streams (STG) (Pers.)
- kabūtar khāna
- Pigeon house (STG) (Pers.)
- kadim
- A hot eastern wind that scorches the wheat (Gen. 41:6) (Heb.)
- kafnit
- Wild palm; wild dates (Heb.)
- kakma aşı
- Grafting, bud (to be placed into the stock) (TDK-2) (Ot.)
- kam’ah
- Truffle (FN 1:599–602) (Ar.)
- kan
- Tree; place full of trees (STG) (Pers.)
- kana
- Understock; plant; shoot (Heb.)
- kapama bahçe
- Garden planted with only one kind of tree (TRM) (Ot.)
- kar
- Meadow; grassland (Heb.)
- karafs
- Celery (FN 1:781–85; Lane, 2607) (Ar.)
- kardom
- Iron tool, a kind of pickaxe for digging (Heb.)
- karık
- Furrow (R) (TDK) (TRM) (KUB) (TEM) (Ot.)
- karka betula
- Name for land that has never been worked (Heb.)
- karm, kurūm
- Grapevine (Ar.)
- karmel
- Garden; fruitful field; Mount Carmel (Heb.)
- karpuz
- Watermelon (Ot.)
- karrāth
- Leek (FN 1:562; Wehr, 959) (Ar.)
- kart
- Piece of tilled ground; small raised part of ground dividing the plots in a garden and made to hold irrigation water (STG); piece of cultivated land, each portion of a field or garden (MUN) (Pers.)
- karta
- Piece of tilled ground (STG) (Pers.)
- karyās
- Privy on the roof of a house having communication with a subterranean passage (STG) (Pers.)
- katif
- Harvest of fruit from a tree (Heb.)
- kattān
- Flax (FN 1:522–24) (Ar.)
- kav
- Dry weight used during the period of the Mishna and the Talmud, approximately 2.2 liters (Heb.)
- kav
- Taut thread used for measuring (Ezek. 2:47) (Heb.)
- kava
- Collected water in a ritual bath (Heb.)
- kaveret
- Beehive (Heb.)
- kavot
- Vessel used for pickling fruit (from Greek) (Heb.)
- kavran
- Beekeeper (Heb.)
- kavun
- Melon (Ot.)
- kawāzā fīnā
- Plant that grows close to the shore and the sea (FN 1:624–25) (Syr.)
- kayısı
- Apricots (Ar.)
- kājistān
- Land full of pine trees; kāj wild pine tree + istān place (STG) (Pers.)
- kāla
- Ground prepared for sowing (STG) (Pers.)
- kākh
- Palace, villa, summer dwelling; apartment at the top of the house open to front; upper story; tower, gallery, balcony, battlements, or any similar erection for the benefit of air or a prospect (STG) (Pers.)
- kārīz
- Subterranean canal; ditch dug around a field to convey water (STG) (Pers.)
- kāza
- House; hut erected in the corner of a field or melon ground; bedchamber built of wood and supported by columns; hunter’s hiding place; canopy; shady place (STG) (Pers.)
- kenevir
- Cannabis (Ot.)
- kerem
- Vineyard (Heb.)
- kerti
- Water notch in gardens or fields (TRM) (Ot.)
- kfar
- Village, hamlet; countryside (Heb.)
- kfari
- Rural; rustic (Heb.)
- kış bahçesi
- Winter garden (R) (ARS) (TRM) (Ot.)
- kida
- Perfume mentioned in the Bible to prepare the anointing oil (Exod. 30:23–24) (Heb.)
- kikar
- Square; plaza; piazza (Heb.)
- kikar
- Plain, valley (Heb.)
- kilshon
- Agricultural tool with three tines (Heb.)
- kisuakh
- Cut off; mown (Heb.)
- kishtzār
- Field sown and beginning to look green (STG) (Pers.)
- kiton
- Pump or installation for pumping water (from Greek) (Heb.)
- kiyarī
- Flowerbed (F.U.E.D) (B.K) (Urdu)
- kmira
- Covering fruit with earth to ripen them (Heb.)
- knima
- Vermin; insect; pest (Heb.)
- korem
- Vineyard owner/grower (Heb.)
- kormut
- Grapevine cultivation (Heb.)
- kotzer
- Farmer cutting ripe wheat (Heb.)
- kotzetz
- Cuts, clips (Heb.)
- köşk
- Villa, summer house; pavilion (R); kiosk (NA) (Ot.)
- ktaf
- Sap from a perfume tree (Heb.)
- ktoret
- Burning of incense to create a pleasant fragrance (Deut. 10:33) (Heb.)
- kulāhfarangī
- Pavilion (STG) (Pers.)
- kummathrā
- Pear (FN 2:1206–13) (Ar.)
- kundur
- Frankincense (FN 2:1257–59) (Ar.)
- kurunb
- Cabbage (Ar.)
- kuzbarah
- Coriander (Ar.)
- kūcha bāgh
- Street leading to gardens; kūcha narrow street; lane, slum, row, passage; street, square, marketplace (Pers.)
- kūsā
- zucchini (Ar.)
- kūshk
- Palace, villa; castle, citadel (STG) (Pers.)
- khalvat khāna
- Private chamber, bedroom (F.U.E.D) (B.N) (Urdu)
- khalvat khāna
- Women’s apartment; any other private apartment (STG) (Pers.)
- khalvat sarā
- Women’s apartment; place for private prayer (STG) (Pers.)
- khamr
- Wine (Ar.)
- khamr
- Wine (Ar.)
- khandarūs
- The Arabic rendering of the Greek candarus (La. titricum romanum) (Paavilainen, Med. Pharmacotherapy, 655) (Ar.)
- khandaq[ah]
- Trench, ditch (Ar.)
- kharand
- Low garden wall; parapet of a gallery (STG) (Pers.)
- kharbusta
- Prominent part of a roof; eaves (STG) (Pers.)
- khardal
- Mustard seed (FN 2:795–96) (Ar.)
- kharīʿ
- Applied to anything soft that easily breaks (Lane, 725) (Ar.)
- khargāh
- Tent, pavilion, tabernacle; wide and spacious residence; cottage or moveable Turkoman hut or tent, formed by flexible poles, and covered with felt-cloth; sky (STG) (Pers.)
- kharmanjī
- Tobacco blender (Ot.)
- kharnūb, also khurnūb or kharrūb [shajarat al-]
- Carob, whereby the tree is divided into two types: wild (barrīy) and Levantine (shāmı̄) (FN 1:184-85); according to Lane, in Iraq the tree is referred to as shajarat al-qiththā al-shāmı̄, not to be confused with Armenian cucumber (qiththā’) (Lane, 717) (Ar.)
- kharpushta
- Anything elevated in the center and sloping downward at each end; tent; the ninth heaven (STG) (Pers.)
- khartshūf
- Artichoke (Ar.)
- kharū
- Feces (Ar.)
- kharʿab[ah], kharʿūb[ah]
- Said of a branch or twig not yet a year old; fresh, tender, soft (Lane, 725) (Ar.)
- khaṣṣ
- Lettuce (FN 1:615–19) (Ar.)
- khashkhāsh
- Poppy (FN 1:531–38) (Ar.)
- khavarnaq
- Palace built by Nu’mān bin Munzir for king Bahram in Babylonia and alluded to often to imply a magnificent edifice (STG) (Pers.)
- khayma
- Tent, tabernacle, circular pavilion; khayma-yi arzaq the sky; khayma gāh a camp (STG) (Pers.)
- khānī
- Fountain, pure water (STG) (Pers.)
- khāna
- House, dwelling, habitation; tent, pavilion; āyina khāna house or apartment adorned with mirrors (STG) (Pers.)
- khāna
- House, dwelling (F.U.E.D) (J.N) (Urdu)
- khāna/paein bāgh
- Literally, house garden. These were built in large havelis and so were for the exclusive use of ladies. This term was used for the first time in the palace garden of Shahjahanabad where such courtyard gardens were rebuilt for the exclusive use of harem (C.C) (S.N) (Urdu)
- khilāf [shajarat al-]
- A tree known for its bitterness similar to the willow (see ṣafṣāf; salix genus) (FN 1:170–72; Lane, 797). Lane cites that in Zabı̄dı̄’s Tāj al-ʿarūs the Arabs call the khilāf tree by the name sawjar or sawḥar (Ar.)
- khirwaʿ [shajarat al-]
- Castor-oil plant (FN 1:152–54) (Ar.)
- khiṭmī [shajarat al-]
- Marsh mallow (FN 1:155–59) (Ar.)
- khiyābān
- Parterre, flowerbed; avenue (STG) (Pers.)
- khiyār
- Cucumber (Ibn Mammātī 86), (Ar.)
- Khizr
- Prophet who discovered and drank of the water of life and became immortal. He figures in Oriental tradition as a vizir of Iskandar, and also as Elias and St. George, on the supposition that the same soul animated them by transmigration. Khizr has spring in his wake, said because the ground on which he places his foot is supposed to be immediately covered with green (STG) (Pers.)
- khı̄rı̄
- Gillyflower (FN 1:126–29) (Ar.)
- khīsh
- Coarse linen cloth (STG) (Pers.)
- khīshkhāna
- A kind of tent constructed with reeds or linen cloth; tent with tatties to keep out the heat (STG) (Pers.)
- khīyābān bandī
- Laying out avenues (Ain) (Urdu)
- khīyābān bandī
- Designing the avenues in a garden or city (STG) (Pers.)
- khokh
- Peach (FN 2:1187–89) (Ar.)
- khubbāzī
- The mallow family of flowering plants (see also khiṭmī) (Ar.)
- khudā
- God, master, owner (STG) (Pers.)
- Khura, khurra, khura band
- Divine illumination; a district of the Persian empire (STG) (Pers.)
- khushūdan
- To prune a tree (STG) (Pers.)
- khuzām, khuzāmā
- Lavender (FN 1:139–41) (Ar.)
- khvab gah
- Sleeping chamber, a sleeping apartment (F.U.E.D) (Urdu)
- khyabān
- Terraces (tabqas) were divided into chahārbāghs formed by two khyabāns (avenues) intersecting at right angles. These avenues were paved with brick on edge in a variety of geometrical motifs. These motifs were repeated to add to the harmony and balance of the garden design (F.D) (M.G) (Urdu)
- lablāb (Ar.)
- English ivy; lablab, hyacinth bean (Wehr, 1005) (Ar.)
- lala zār
- Tulip garden. The Kashmir valley was described as a lalazārduring spring because of its abundant tulips (F.D) (Ba-Na) (Urdu)
- lale
- Tulip (R) (NA) (TDK-2) (MED) (OSM) (HAY) (LEH) (BAY) (Ot.)
- lalelik
- Tulip bed, vase for tulips (TEM) (Ot.)
- laqqaḥ, yulaqqiḥu
- To fertilize, pollinate (Ar.)
- lawz[ah]
- Almond (FN 2:1178–79) (Ar.)
- lālezar
- Tulip garden, tulip bed (R) (NA) (TDK) (MED) (OSM) (TEM) (FED) (Ot.)
- less
- Loess (soil) (Heb.)
- liviev
- To bloom; blossom; sprout (Heb.)
- lı̄nūfar
- Water lilies (FN 1:131–33) (Ar.)
- lı̄ṭah, lı̄ṭ
- Bark, husk (Ar.)
- lulav
- Twig, palm branch; one of the biblical four species of plants used on the Feast of Tabernacles (Heb.)
- lūbīyā
- Green beans (Ar.)
- lūfā
- A plant with a big white base that grows primarily wild in Mesopotamia (FN 1:587–88) (Syr.)
- lūla
- Canal, tube, siphon (STG) (Pers.)
- maavek
- Blower for disinfection power (Heb.)
- machresha
- Plow (Heb.)
- machtab
- Modern name for a hand sickle (Heb.)
- madrega
- Agricultural terrace (Heb.)
- magal
- Sickle; tool with a serrated blade used to cut herbs and corn (Heb.)
- magal yad
- Pruning sickle, see machtab (Heb.)
- magov
- Rake; agricultural implement with prongs used to rake corn (Heb.)
- magrefa
- Rake, for collecting scattered objects to level the soil (Heb.)
- magrofit
- Portion of the plow that turns up the soil (Heb.)
- mahtābī
- Lit by the moon; balcony or terrace (for enjoying the moonlight). (STG) (Pers.)
- makosh
- Modern name for a hoe, one side of the head of which is pointed and the other straight, used to dig stony soils. In antiquity, a pickaxe used to uproot weeds (Heb.)
- malgez
- Fork; trident (Heb.)
- mangul
- Knee-shaped tube. (Pers.)
- manzil (pl. manazil) gāh
- Noun of place and time from the root n-z-l, which expresses the idea of halting, a temporary stay, a stage in a journey. In the terminology of itineraries given by Arab authors, manzil corresponds to the mansio of Latin texts: a halting or resting place. In Mughal architecture, manazil gahis the type of garden where emperors often stopped for a short period of time during their journey. The Wah Gardens provide an example. Abode. (F.D) (A.N) (Urdu)
- maraḍ, amrāḍ
- Illness, sickness (see also ʿillah) (Ar.)
- margh
- Name of a grass of which animals are exceedingly fond; garden, particularly one abounding in plants. (STG) (Pers.)
- marghzār
- Pasture; meadow. It is derived from margh, a kind of grass. (F.D) (S.N) (Urdu)
- marghzār
- Place abounding with margh; verdant lawn, mead, meadow. (STG) (Pers.)
- markadqā
- A plant particular to Nineveh (FN 1:637–38) (Syr.)
- marsı̄n [shajarat al-]
- Myrtle tree (Ibn Mammātı̄, 86) (Ar.)
- masdeda
- Iron frame with numerous teeth on the bottom side used after plowing to level the ground and break up clumps of soil (Heb.)
- masor
- Saw (Heb.)
- mawistān
- Vineyard. (Pers.)
- mawz
- Banana (Ar.)
- maydān
- Open field without buildings, an extensive plain; race ground or any place for exercises or walking; arena, parade ground; battlefield; maydān gāh a public square; maydān-i chawgān polo ground; maydān-i asb davānī horse riding ground. (Pers.)
- mazlef
- Gardener’s bucket with perforated funnel for irrigation (Heb.)
- mazmera
- Modern name for a two-part pruning shears. In antiquity, a small non-serrated sickle (Heb.)
- ma'ader
- Hoe (Heb.)
- maʿdan (pl. maʿādin)
- Mineral (Ar.)
- mā’
- Water. The following are common adjectives to describe bodies of water: adhibah, sweet; murrah, bitter; māliḥah, salty; radī’ah, stagnant; ʿaṣifah, turbulent; kibrītīyah, sulphuric; raṣāṣīyah, leaden (Ar.)
- mādī
- Streams in Isfahan. (Pers.)
- mercimek
- Lentils (Ot.)
- mesire
- Synonym of mesiregah; promenade, place of excursion. (R) (NA) (Ot.)
- mey tehom
- Groundwater (Heb.)
- meyve bahçesi
- Orchard, fruit garden. (NA) (TRM) (Ot.)
- migzazalim
- Sheep-wool shears (Heb.)
- mimār
- Architect, builder. (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)
- ming
- Water pipe, conduit. (STG) (Pers.)
- mishmesh
- Apricots (Heb.)
- mishmish, mushmush
- Apricots (FN 2:1184–86) (Ar.)
- mı̄nānā abnā
- Mesopotamian aquatic plant (FN 1:622–23) (Syr.)
- morag
- Threshing implement (Heb.)
- mudām
- Wine (Ar.)
- mulūkhiyā
- Jew’s mallow (FN 2:1274) (Ar.)
- mumallaḥ[ah], māliḥ[ah], mulūḥah
- Salty (Ar.)
- munazzah, muntanazaha
- Open garden space without any enclosure with large planted avenues, generally close to a natural waterway. In classical Arabic, promenades and pleasurable places for gatherings. (Ar.)
- munya
- Enclosed agricultural domain in al-Andalus belonging to a ruler or high-ranking court dignitary used for aesthetic, economic, and even experimental cultivation. In al-Andalus, called almunya after the fourteenth century. (Ar.)
- muqfir[ah]
- Barren, desolate (Ar.)
- murr [shajarat al-]
- Myrrh tree (FN 2:1256–57) (Ar.)
- murr[ah], marārah
- Bitter (bitterness) (Ar.)
- mustanqaʿ
- Swamp, bog (Ar.)
- muṣṭakā, maṣṭakah
- Mastic (Ar.)
- nabāṭ, manbiṭ (pl. manābiṭ)
- Plants (Ar.)
- nabq, also nibq, nabaq, and nabiq
- Christ’s Thorn; lotus fruit; lotus blossom (FN 2:1194–98; Lane; Wehr, 1103) (Ar.)
- nafal
- Clover (see also barsı̄m) (Ar.)
- nahr
- Stream, canal, watercourse. It is one of the main features particularly in a princely Mughal garden. (F.U.E.D) (Tadhkira Qasā’id) (Urdu)
- nahr
- Stream, river. (STG) (Pers.)
- nakhchīr
- Hunting; chase; prey, game, wild beast; place of hunters. (STG) (Pers.)
- nakhjīrgāh
- Chase, hunting ground. (STG) (Pers.)
- nakhlah
- Palm tree (FN 2:1339–1453) (Ar.)
- nakhlband
- Maker of artificial flowers; gardener; one who moulds figures of trees or fruits in wax. (STG) (Pers.)
- nakhlistān
- Palm plantation. (STG) (Pers.)
- namakdān
- Salt cellar. (STG) (Pers.)
- naqāra khāna
- Porch where the royal drum kettles are beaten at stated intervals. (STG) (Pers.)
- nard
- One of the perfumes mentioned in the Bible (Nardostachys jatamansi) (Heb.)
- nasrīn
- Jonquil (FN 1:136–37) (Ar.)
- nasheman
- Pavilion, residence, resting place. (F.D) (B.S) (Urdu)
- nawʿ (anwāʿ)
- Type, variant (see also Ot. and Per. nevʿ, envāʿ) (Ar.)
- nazargah
- Place for sightseeing. (Ot.)
- nazır
- Person who watches (R); gardener, guard of garden and vineyard. (VLD) (Ot.)
- naʿnaʿ
- Mint (FN 2:771–75) (Ar.)
- nār
- Pomegranate (Per./Ot.)
- nāranj [shajarat al-]
- Bitter orange (FN 1:177–78; Wehr, 1099) (Ar.)
- nārinjistān
- Orangery; conservatory. (STG) (Pers.)
- nātır (natr)
- Synonym of natur; watchman of a garden or vineyard (R) (FED); vineyard guard, gardener. (HAY) (MÜN) (Ot.)
- nāūra
- Synonym of naure; waterwheel, machine for raising water for irrigation. (R) (RTK) (MÜK) (CUD) (NAC) (Ot.)
- nebatat bahçesi
- Botanical garden. (R) (HAY) (MED) (KUB) (Ot.)
- neger
- Runoff (water) (Heb.)
- neshila, neshira
- Shedding, sloughing (Heb.)
- nesteren-zar
- Rose garden. (KUB) (Ot.)
- netia'a
- Planting (Heb.)
- netzer
- Stem, shoot (Heb.)
- neve-midbar
- Oasis (Heb.)
- nevet
- Sprout (Heb.)
- nevila
- Withering, wilting (Heb.)
- nevāīr
- Waterwheels for irrigation. (FED) (Ot.)
- nevātīr
- Guards of a vegetable garden. (FED) (OSM) (Ot.)
- nikush
- Weeding with a tool (Heb.)
- nir
- Plowed field (Heb.)
- nirjis
- Narcissus (FN 1:133–35; Ibn Mammātı̄, 86) (Ar.)
- nitzan
- Bud (Heb.)
- noy
- Beauty (Heb.)
- ol
- Yoke (Heb.)
- omer
- Small sheaf (Heb.)
- ona
- Season (Heb.)
- orman
- Forest (Ot.)
- pal
- Field with a raised border. (STG) (Pers.)
- pamuk
- Cotton (Ot.)
- panjar
- Beet, sugar beet (see also Ar. bancar) (Ot.)
- parag
- Poppy (Heb.)
- parīz
- Herb growing on the banks of rivers. (STG) (Pers.)
- parag
- Poppy (Heb.)
- parchīn
- Briar hedge; thorn placed on a wall as a fence; shed; hovel constructed of sticks, leaves, etc. (STG) (Pers.)
- pardīs
- Paradise (neologism from English). (Pers.)
- parda
- Curtain; partition between two rooms; fence or wall dividing fields; parda sarā pavilion. (STG) (Pers.)
- pardes
- Orchard (Heb.)
- parkhaw-kardan
- Pruning of trees. (STG) (Pers.)
- parpar
- Butterfly (Heb.)
- parvār
- Summer house latticed on all sides to admit air; turret open on all sides; planks for roofing a house. (STG) (Pers.)
- pasāk
- Garland of flowers. (STG) (Pers.)
- pasānidan
- To irrigate. (STG) (Pers.)
- patlıcan
- Aubergine, eggplant (Ot.)
- payvand
- To graft. (STG) (Pers.)
- pād
- Guardian; throne; power; great. (STG) (Pers.)
- pādarbān
- Gatehouse. (Pers.)
- pādikāna
- High roof; window. (STG) (Pers.)
- pādshāh
- Emperor, sovereign, monarch, king. (STG) (Pers.)
- pālīz
- Kitchen garden; seed field; melon ground. (STG) (Pers.)
- pālīzbān
- Gardener. (STG) (Pers.)
- pālakāna
- High roof, window. (STG) (Pers.)
- pālkāna
- High roof, window. (STG) (Pers.)
- pāshuya
- Water channel around a basin. (MUN) (Pers.)
- pāyāb
- Well, any shallow stone reservoir of water easy of access; bottom of a pond or a body of water. (STG) (Pers.)
- peqa'at
- Bulb (Heb.)
- perach
- Flower (Heb.)
- pered
- Mule (Heb.)
- pereg
- Poppy, poppy seed (Heb.)
- peri
- Fruit (Heb.)
- pevand kāri
- Grafting. (S.B) (Urdu)
- pichkam
- Court, audience hall; house whose sides are latticed; summer house. (STG) (Pers.)
- pitriyah
- Mushroom (Heb.)
- pīrāstan
- To prune; to adorn, decorate, embellish (especially by cutting, clipping, or taking away); bustān pīrā bāgh pīrā gardener. (STG) (Pers.)
- pīshtāq
- Palace gate. (Pers.)
- poreh
- Fertile, productive (Heb.)
- pore'ach
- Flowering (Heb.)
- pul
- Bridge. (STG) (Pers.)
- pulvan
- Raised path or balk round a field. (STG) (Pers.)
- qalamistān
- Land in which qalamah, branches cut from plants to be replanted, are laid on the ground (Pers.)
- qalīyūṭı̄
- A type of leek (FN 1:564) (Ar.)
- qamḥ
- Wheat (see also ḥinṭah) (Ar.)
- qanāt
- Irrigation; subterranean canal (STG) (Pers.)
- qanṭarah, qanātir
- Arched bridge, stone bridge; vault, arch, archway; archway, arcade; aches, aqueduct, viaduct (Lane, 2568; Wehr, 927) (Ar.)
- qarāḥ
- Clear water (see also rawā’) (Ar.)
- qarāṣiyā, also qarāsiyā
- Prunes (FN 2:1199–1200; Wehr, 882) (Ar.)
- qarʿ
- Gourd, pumpkin (Wehr, 887) (Ar.); qarʿ baladı̄ and qarʿ ʿaslı̄, common yellow gourd (Ar.); qarʿ ẓurūf, bottle gourd, calabash (Eg. Ar.); qarʿ kūsı̄, zucchini (Syr. Ar.)
- qasr
- Castle, citadel, palace, villa, any imposing building or structure. (STG) (Pers.)
- qaṣı̄f
- Weak, fragile, or sappy plant (see also rayyān) (Lane, Suppl., 2989) (Ar.)
- qat
- Khat (Catha edulis); a leafy plant that is consumed primarily in Yemen (Ar.)
- qaṭā
- Sand grouse (Ar.)
- qaṭı̄ʿah
- A portion of land held in fee (Lane, Suppl., 2990) (Ar.)
- qaṭṭānī
- Any type of legume, including wheat, barley, raisin, or date (Ibn Mammātī, 201) (Ar.)
- qayqab
- Maple (FN 2:1243; Wehr, 942) (Ar.)
- qārı̄thā [shajarat al-]
- A tree similar to the sumac, but which is bigger and more widespread in Mesopotamia, the leaves of which also resembling those of the olive tree (FN 2:1263) (Ar.)
- qinū, aqnā’
- Bunch of dates (Ar.)
- qirmiz [shajarat al-]
- A tree alien to Mesopotamia (bābil) that originates in Greece and the leaves of which resemble that of the leaves of the ballūṭ tree (either oak, common ash, or walnut) (FN 1:174–76; Lane, 249); not to be confused with qirmiz (kermes), the coccus ilicis insect, from which crimson dye is made (Ar.)
- qirṭ
- A type of leek (see also karrāth) (Ibn Mammātī, 201) (Ar.)
- qiththā’
- Armenian cucumber (Ar.)
- qunnab, also qinnab and qinnabī
- Hemp (see also ḥashīsh) (Ar.)
- qunnabīṭ
- Cauliflower (Ar.)
- qurunful
- Clove (Ar.)
- qusṭ [shajarat al-]
- Non-fruit-producing tree known for its perfume, the bark of which can be used as incense (FN 2:1251; Lane, 2523) (Ar.)
- rakbuvit
- Organic plant material that has disintegrated into the soil (Heb.)
- ravāq
- A house resembling a tent being supported on one pillar; a curtain stretched like a canopy before a tent or the door of a house; portico; porch; gallery in front of a house; a lofty building resting on columns. (STG) (Pers.)
- ravz, ravza (pl. riyāz)
- Garden, meadow, oasis in a desert (R) (SÜL) (FED); garden (YED) garden, meadow (YUS); garden, meadow, with water and flowers, heaven (SUK); garden, the place of prophet Muhammed’s tomb (Ravza-i Mutahhara) (MEV) (OSM) (MÜK) (CUD) (LEH) (RTK) (NAC); garden, meadow, with water and lawn, heaven. (KUB) (Ot.)
- rawda, rawd
- Park, cemetery. (Ar.)
- rawza
- Kitchen or flower garden. (STG) (Pers.)
- rayāḥı̄n
- Aromatic plants (FN 1:240) (Ar.)
- rayḥān
- Basil (see also sīsanbar) (Ibn Mammātı̄, 86; Lane, 1181) (Ar.)
- rayyā
- A sweet odor (Lane, 1196) (Ar.)
- rayyān (also riwā’)
- Well irrigated; succulent, juicy, sappy (Lane 1196; Wehr 429) (Ar.)
- rāgh
- Lower part of a mountain, mountain slope; pleasant verdant meadow; villa, summer house; bāgh va rāgh gardens and villas. (STG) (Pers.)
- rāḥ
- Wine (Ar.)
- rāsin
- A plant resembling ginger (Lane, 1086), though this association is not in any way indicated by Ibn Waḥshīyah (FN 1:560–62) (Ar.)
- regev
- Clod of soil (Heb.)
- revia'a
- Rainy season (from Arabic) (Heb.)
- ridud
- Flattening and pressing down soil (Heb.)
- riyād
- Garden enclosed within the high walls of a residence. In Marrakech and Fez there are three main types according to the organization of the enclosure, the location of the residential building and the form of the interior garden. In Morocco, the grass-covered enclosure of a Muslim cemetery, evocative of paradise. (Ar.)
- rībās
- Rhubarb (Ar.)
- rochev
- Branch of a superior fruit tree used in propagation (Heb.)
- roglit
- Grapevine that trails along the ground (Heb.)
- rumān
- Pomegranate (Ar.)
- sabakh
- Dung, manure; fertilizer (Ar.)
- sabaṭ
- The term applied to the fresh sort of the plant known as the ḥalı̄y, which grows in the sands; it produces no flowers or thorns, its leaves being thin and similar to that of the leek (see karrāth); term used to designate whatever has dried and turned white (Dīnawarī, 27; Lane, 1295) (Ar.)
- sabikhah
- As applied to arable land (see arḍ), a tract of land that exudes water and produces salt; salt land or earth (Lane, 1292) (Ar.)
- sabīkh
- cotton, wool; soft hair (Lane I, 1292) (Ar.)
- sabsab (pl. sabāsib)
- Desert wasteland (Wehr, 458); also a species of tree from which Arabian bows are made (Dīnawarī, 27) (Ar.)
- sabza maydān
- The sky. (STG) (Pers.)
- sabzazār
- Verdant meadow. (Pers.)
- sabzjāy
- Green place. (Pers.)
- sadeh
- Area of land intended for cultivation (Heb.)
- sadeh beit shalchin
- Field irrigated by artificial means (Heb.)
- sadhāb
- Rue (see also fayjal) (FN 1:37, 2:786–94; Dı̄nawarı̄, 33; Lane, 1337) (Ar.)
- sadma
- Field of wheat or a vineyard (Heb.)
- safarjal
- Quince (FN 2:1214–19; Dīnawarī, 39; Lane, 1372) (Ar.)
- safsal
- Bench (Heb.)
- sajam
- A tree with broad leaves (Dīnawarī, 29) (Ar.)
- sajā
- A plant, the leaves of which are used when planting radish; the leaves are also used to treat indigestion (Dīnawarī, 28) (Ar.)
- sakab [shajarat al-]
- A sweet smelling tree, the scent of which is similar to the perfume khaluq, and which is planted in valleys; anemone (Dīnawarī, 40; Lane, 1388; Wehr, 486) (Ar.)
- sakhbar [shajarat al-]
- A species of panic grass (gharaz) and its growth is like that of the sweet rush called idhkhar (Dīnawarī, 31; Lane, 1323) (Ar.)
- sakhā’ah
- An herb that grows on a singular stalk, similar to the spikenard, and its seeds are like that of bean clover (Dīnawarī, 31) (Ar.)
- sakkū
- Sofa, bench, garden seat. (STG) (Pers.)
- sal
- Basket (Heb.)
- salab [shajarat al-]
- A type of tall tree, which is taken and laid beneath hot ashes, which is taken and laid beneath hot ashes (yumallu) and is then split into white strips similar to palm fibers (layf) out of which then rope is fashioned (Dīnawarī, 42; Lane, 1399) (Ar.)
- salaq
- A smooth, even tract of good soil (Lane, 1410) (Ar.)
- salisah
- A certain herb bearing a resemblance to the plant known as naṣı̄y, except that it has seeds similar to that of sult (Dı̄nawarı̄, 43; Lane, 1405) (Ar.)
- salı̄khah [shajarat al-]
- A small tree with perfumed bark which can also be used for cooking; Chinese cinnamon tree (FN 2:1252; Lane, 1404; Wehr, 491) (Ar.)
- saljam, salājim
- Rapeseed or turnip (FN 1:543–52; Dı̄nawarı̄, 43; Lane, 1402; Wehr, 490) (Ar.)
- salq
- Red beet (Lane, 1410); a variety of chard (FN 1:607–14; Wehr, 494) (Ar.)
- salsabil
- A hapax legomenon in the Qurʾān and one of the names of the celestial rivers therein mentioned (Q 76:18) (Ar.)
- salʿ
- A type of vine similar to the sanʿabuq, except that it grows near trees, has no leaves and creates a kind of lattice network along branches (Dı̄nawarı̄, 44; Lane, 1407) (Ar.)
- samallaḥ
- A type of grass that grows in meadows (Dı̄nawarı̄, 48) (Ar.)
- samlaj
- A type of grass that grows in meadows (Dı̄nawarı̄, 48) (Ar.)
- samm (pl. sumūm)
- Poison (Ar.)
- samsaq
- Jasmine (Dı̄nawarı̄, 47) (Ar.)
- samurah (pl. samur) [shajarat al-]
- A type of tree known for small leaves, short thorns, and yellow fruits (barmah) similar to the fruit of the ʿiḍāh tree which men eat (Dı̄nawarı̄, 46; Lane, 1425) (Ar.)
- sarā
- Palace, mansion. (STG) (Pers.)
- sarā parda
- Curtain, especially at the door of a royal palace or pavilion; wall of canvas surrounding a cluster of tents; royal court; women enclosed in the seraglio; sarā parda gushūdan to open the royal tent; sarā parda-yi jahān the sky. (STG) (Pers.)
- sarābūstān
- Garden adjoining a house. (STG) (Pers.)
- sarāy
- House, palace, grand edifice, king’s court, seraglio; sarāy-i baqā mansion of eternity, the other world; sarāy-i surūr tavern, paradise. (STG) (Pers.)
- sarā’ah (pl. sarā’)
- A species of tree from which Arabian bows are made (Dı̄nawarı̄, 34) (Ar.)
- sardar
- Lintel of a door. (STG) (Pers.)
- sarīr
- Throne. (STG) (Pers.)
- sarḥah (pl. sarḥ) [shajarat al-]
- A very large tree which people often sit under for shade (Dı̄nawarı̄, 25) (Ar.)
- sarmaq
- Potentially Chenopodium or Atriplex hortensis (Dı̄nawarı̄, 36; Freytag, 2:311) (Ar.)
- sarū [shajarat al-]
- Cypress (Ar.)
- sarv
- Cypress tree; fir tree. (STG) (Pers.)
- sarvistān
- A place abounding with cypresses. (STG) (Pers.)
- saṭṭāḥ
- Creeping vine (Dı̄nawarı̄, 36; Lane, 1357) (Ar.)
- sawlaʿ
- Bitter aloe (Ar.)
- sawsan
- Lily or iris (Dı̄nawarı̄, 54; FN 1:129–31; Ibn Mammātı̄, 86) (Ar.)
- saykarān
- Technical term applied to plants that remain green throughout the summer (Dı̄nawarı̄, 57) (Ar.)
- saʿaf (pl. suʿūf)
- Dried palm branch, including the fronds (see also Ar. shaṭabah) (Ar.)
- saʿdān
- Thorns of the palm tree (Dı̄nawarı̄, 38–39) (Ar.)
- saʿı̄ṭ
- The oil of the mustard seed (khardal); also the oil of horseradish (bān); also used to describe a sweet or pleasant odor, such as that of wine (Dı̄nawarı̄, 39; Lane, 1364) (Ar.)
- sābāt
- Covered passage connecting two houses. (STG) (Pers.)
- sāj, sījān [shajarat al-]
- Teak, Indian oak (Dı̄nawarı̄, 25; Wehr, 454) (Ar.)
- sālikh [shajarat al-]
- A synonym for the ḥamḍ tree without leaves (khūṣah) (Dı̄nawarı̄, 26) (Ar.)
- sāsib [shajarat al-]
- A species of tree from which Arabian bows are made (Dı̄nawarı̄, 25) (Ar.)
- sāsim [shajarat al-]
- A species of tree from which Arabian bows are made (Dı̄nawarı̄, 25–26) (Ar.)
- sāyabān
- Canopy, parasol; a shade formed by foliage or by any other projection; tent, pavilion. (STG) (Pers.)
- sebze bahçesi
- Vegetable garden (NA); truck garden. (TRM) (Ot.)
- sebzelik
- Vegetable garden. (MED) (ARK) (TRM) (ARK) (KUB) (Ot.)
- sebzezar
- Kitchen garden, green field. (R) (Ot.)
- sela
- Rock (Heb.)
- semadar
- Nascent fruit (Heb.)
- setli bahçe
- Hanging gardens, terraced gardens. (NA) (ARS) (TRM) (Ot.)
- seyremek
- To plant seedlings in the garden. (TRM) (Ot.)
- sibistān [shajarat al-]
- Cordia (Dīnawarī, 27) (Ar.)
- sid
- Lime (Heb.)
- sidrā
- Lote tree (Q 53:14, 16; Dı̄nawarı̄, 32) (Ar.)
- siḥā’ah [shajarat al-]
- A low-growing tree with tiny thorns and from which a particular type of honey is made (Dīnawarī, 29) (Ar.)
- sijillāṭ
- According to Dīnawarī, this is another term for jasmine (Dīnawarī, 29) (Ar.)
- sikul
- Clearing, removal of stones from the field (Heb.)
- silq
- Beet, especially of the red variety (Lane, 1410) (Ar.)
- simsim
- Sesame (FN 1:524–27; Dı̄nawarı̄, 47–48) (Ar.)
- sindiyān [shajarat al-]
- Holm oak tree (FNI 2:1247–48) (Ar.)
- sineç
- Hedge; fence around the gardens and vineyard. (TRM) (Ot.)
- siper çiti
- Protection hedge, fence. (TRM) (Ot.)
- sı̄nı̄nah [shajarat al-]
- A type of tree (Dı̄nawarı̄, 57) (Ar.)
- sı̄sbānā
- Either the Cordia flower or the Abraham’s balm (monk’s pepper) tree (FN 1:529-28) (Syr.)
- sı̄sanbar
- A type of sweet basil (see also rayḥān), otherwise known as al-nammām (Dīnawarī, 56) (Ar.)
- sı̄yāsādūrā
- Mesopotamian plant common found in and around Nineveh (FN 1:621–22) (Syr.)
- soba
- Hothouse. (R) (NA) (HAY) (Ot.)
- soch
- Large branch (Heb.)
- sofa
- Raised flower bed (R) (MED) (ARS); sofa to sit on in gardens. (İNŞ) (Ot.)
- soreg
- Grate, barrier (Heb.)
- subāṭah
- Bunch, raceme of a palm tree; cluster of fruit (Lane, 1295; Wehr, 458) (Ar.)
- su dolabı
- Noria, waterwheel (R); wheel for raising water. (ARS) (TRM) (TEM) (Ot.)
- suf
- Reed, a plant that rows along streams and swamps (typha) (Heb.)
- suffa
- Sofa, bench; dais, estrade, or raised floor; covered place for reclining in front of the the doors of houses or mosques. (STG) (Pers.)
- sukarah
- (Ar.)
- sukkah
- Tabernacle (Heb.)
- sukkar
- Sugar (Dı̄nawarı̄, 41; Lane, 1391) (Ar.)
- Sukkoth
- Feast of Tabernacles, when the crops are being harvested (Heb.)
- sulam
- Ladder (Heb.)
- sullaj [shajarat al-]
- A type of tree or bush similar or related to the ḥamḍ tree, which grows quite large, and resembles the tails of the ḍubāb lizards, perhaps due to its green color and thorns; camels eat it (Dı̄nawarı̄, 42; Lane, 1401) (Ar.)
- sullā’
- The prickles of the palm tree (Lane, 1398) (Ar.)
- sult
- A type of barley without husk that is planted in the land of the Arabs (Dīnawarī, 42; Lane, 1401) (Ar.)
- summāq [shajarat al-]
- Sumac (FN 2:1262; Dı̄nawarı̄, 46) (Ar.)
- sumnah
- A grass with leaves and stalks, slightly tinged white (Dı̄nawarı̄, 48) (Ar.)
- sunbul[ah], sanābil and sunbulāt
- Ear, spike of grain (Ar.)
- sunbul hindī
- Indian spikenard (Lane, 1440; Wehr, 506) (Ar.)
- sunbul rūmı̄
- Celtic spikenard (Lane, 1440; Wehr, 506) (Ar.)
- sunbul al-ṭı̄b
- Indian nard (Ar.)
- suqm (asqām)
- Disease (Ar.)
- sutun āvand
- Portico a veranda supported by a single column. (STG) (Pers.)
- syafa
- Last and poorest crop (Heb.)
- suʿādā
- A type of cypress (suʿd) (Dı̄nawarı̄, 37) (Ar.)
- suʿd [shajarat al-]
- Cypress (FN 1:629–32; Dı̄nawarı̄, 37–38; Lane, 1361; Wehr, 478) (Ar.)
- ṣabā
- Easterly wind (Ar.)
- ṣabir or ṣabr
- Aloe (Ar.)
- ṣaliʿa yaṣlaʿu al-ṣalaʿ
- To fall (leaves, buds, fruits) (Ar.)
- ṣanawbar
- Pine nut (FN 2:1222–23) (Ar.)
- ṣandal
- Sandalwood (Ar.)
- ṣāḥib-i tukhm
- Title awarded to the most successful grower of new flower types in the Ottoman empire, primarily at the height of tulip-mania (Ot.)
- ṣubār, also ṣubbayr
- Prickly pear; Indian fig (Ar.)
- shabām
- (Ar.)
- shabāriq [shajarat al-]
- A tall tree, the leaves of which are course like the leaves of a berry tree (Dı̄nawarı̄, 58–59) (Ar.)
- shabbāk
- A type of plant similar to the dalbūth, except that it is larger in size (Ar.)
- shabistān
- Bed; bedchamber. (STG) (Pers.)
- shabīh
- Name given to a vegetable similar to lūbīyā (green beans) that is planted generally in December in Mesopotamia (FN 1:595–96) (Syr.)
- shajarah, shajar, or ashjār
- Tree, shrub, bush (Ar.)
- shamar, also shamrah
- Fennel (Wehr, 567) (Ar.)
- shamāl
- North; the north wind (Ar.)
- shaqed
- almond (Heb.)
- sharbīn [shajarat al-]
- Cedar: variety of juniper tree (FN 2:1229–30; Wehr, 541) (Ar.)
- shatil
- Sapling (Heb.)
- shatuniyyah
- The litter or organic remnant/detritus (see ithr) of what has been irrigated or was unsown the previous year (Ibn Mammātī, 202) (Ar.)
- shaṭabah (pl. shaṭabāt)
- Lush palm branch (Ar.)
- shawk, ashwāk
- Thorns (Ar.)
- shādurvān
- Large veil, curtain, or tapestry suspended before the gate of a royal palace; projecting roof; cornice; eaves; a kind of variously ornamented and moveable Turkoman house. (STG) (Pers.)
- shāh
- King, sovereign, emperor, monarch, prince. (STG) (Pers.)
- shāhjūy
- Grand channel. (Pers.)
- shāhnishīn
- Seat of the king, i.e. a gallery or balcony projecting from the palace, where the king shows himself to his people; a balcony gallery, portico, or similar projection. (STG) (Pers.)
- shākhsār
- Full of branches, abounding in trees; the extremity of a branch. (Pers.)
- shāmiāna
- Tent; canopy. Tents remained an important element in Mughal lives. Tents were pitched in gardens to provide shelter in good weather and for the enjoyment of outdoor activities. Tents were also seen in the chihl sutuns above the royal seat on important occasions. These shāmianās provided shelter for the nobility as well as decorative accent. (F.D) (Urdu)
- shibolet
- Elongated flowering head of a plant such as wheat or barley (Heb.)
- shided
- Crumbled the top layer of soil; loosened with a harrow (Heb.)
- shoresh
- Root (Heb.)
- shoshan
- Lily (Heb.)
- shuturgalū
- Underground water tubes shaped like the neck of a camel. (Pers.)
- shūmkarrāth
- A Mesopotamian vegetable similar to the Syrian leek and also similar to an onion (FN 1:583-84) (Syr.)
- şadırvan
- Fountain of water (with a jet in the middle); reservoir with faucets at the sides for ablution, usually attached to a mosque (R) (NA) (ARS) (Ot.)
- şeftalı
- Peach (Ot.)
- şeytansaçı
- Hemp (Ot.)
- şükūfe
- Flower (Ot.)
- şükūfebāşi
- Chief flower gardener at the Sublime Porte (Ot.)
- şükūfeci (pl. şükūfejiyān)
- Florist (Ot.)
- tabgh
- tobacco (see also tütün) (Ar.)
- tabn, also tibn
- Straw, stalk, and/or stem (Ar.)
- tabqa
- Story; floor; stage. (F.U.E.D) (S.N) (Urdu)
- tafarrujgāh
- Delightful place for recreation (as a garden, meadow, or theater). (STG) (Pers.)
- taielet
- Promenade (Heb.)
- tajar
- Winter house. (STG) (Pers.)
- takhrīj
- A kind of loggia. (MUN) (Pers.)
- takht
- Seat where two or more persons could sit, relax, or chat; sitting platform. These could be in the interior or exterior of the house. The design of the takht depended upon the position/title of the user. Takht-e-taus (Peacock Throne) was the most elaborate among all indoor takhts of the Mughal period. Its background walls were decorated with pietra dura work using most precious stones. Wooden takhts were portable and could be placed anywhere in a garden; later, these takhts were built with different materials such as marble. (T.L) (Urdu)
- takht
- Royal throne, chair of state; seat, sofa; bed; any place raised above the ground for sleeping, sitting, or reclining; a capital; the royal residence. (STG) (Pers.)
- takhtgāh
- Place of the throne; seat of the king. (MUN) (Pers.)
- takman
- A small portion of a garden, small garden. (TRM) (Ot.)
- takya
- Place of repose; alcove; pillow; anything upon which one leans. (STG) (Pers.)
- tal
- Dew (Heb.)
- tamar
- Date fruit (Ar.)
- tamar
- Date tree (Heb.)
- tamar
- Tree of the palm family, the fruit of which has the same name (Song of Sol. 7:7–8) (Heb.)
- tamarhindī
- Tamarind (Ibn Mammātī, 82) (Ar.)
- tanabī
- Open-fronted summer room; parlor or dining room. (STG) (Pers.)
- tanbūsha
- Earthenware tube through which water passes. (Pers.)
- tannūb [shajarat al-]
- Fir tree (FN 2:1225–26) (Ar.)
- tapuakh
- apple (Heb.)
- tarah
- Layout. (B.K.) (Bayaz) (Urdu)
- tarah ārāi
- Designing, Layout planning. (Urdu)
- tarak
- Rake, harrow. (R) (TRM) (ARS) (LEH) (YTL) (Ot.)
- taraklamak
- To rake, to harrow. (R) (TDK) (HAY) (LEH) (Ot.)
- tarh
- Flowerbed; garden border (R) (NA); place set aside to plant flowers. (TDK) (MED) (ARK) (FED) (KUB) (Ot.)
- tavīla
- Stable. (STG) (Pers.)
- tābdān
- Window; skylight. (STG) (Pers.)
- tābkhāna
- Hothouse; winter habitation; warm bath; summer quarters; greenhouse. (STG) (Pers.)
- tālāb
- Pond, pool; reservoir of water. (F.U.E.D) (Urdu)
- tālār
- Bedchamber or saloon, built of wood and supported by four columns; throne. (STG) (Pers.)
- tāq-i bustān
- Loggia. (Pers.)
- tāqcha
- Shelf or niche. Tāqchas are generally constructed in places where lamps are placed, such as sāvan bhādon and baradaris. Both functional and decorative. They are designed to hold oil lamps or simply to add depth to an otherwise bare wall. One of the beautiful examples of taqchas may be seen in the baradaris on the bank of Ana Sagar lake at Ajmer. (T.L) (Urdu)
- tāra
- Cupola; circular wooden building. (STG) (Pers.)
- tārum
- Circular wooden building with an arched roof; dome; roof; palisade to exclude people from a garden. (STG) (Pers.)
- tāv khāna
- Hothouse, conservatory; bath; summer residence; summer quarters for soldiers. (STG) (Pers.)
- tāzh
- Tent, pavilion of cotton or muslin. (STG) (Pers.)
- tekke
- Dervish lodge. (R) (Ot.)
- telem
- Furrow (Heb.)
- teneh
- Wicker basket; fruit basket (Heb.)
- teresh
- Rock (Heb.)
- teva
- Nature (Heb.)
- tevuah
- General name for all cultivated foods (Heb.)
- te’enah
- Fig (Heb.)
- tırmık
- Rake, harrow. (R) (LEH) (Ot.)
- tia'a
- Planting (Heb.)
- tichuach
- Loosening the soil by raking or plowing (Heb.)
- tiltan
- Clover (Heb.)
- tilul
- Creating mounds of soil around the bases of trees (Heb.)
- tin
- Clay; silt; mud (Heb.)
- tirmis or turmus
- Lupine (Ar.)
- tiuve
- Improvement of the soil (Heb.)
- tīn
- Fig (Ar.)
- topographia
- Topography (Heb.)
- toprak
- Soil, earth (Ot.)
- tsnon
- Radish (Heb.)
- tufāḥ
- Apple (FN 2:1219–21) (Ar.)
- tuff
- Tuff, tufa (Heb.)
- tukhm
- Seed (Ot.)
- tundidan, tandidan
- To put forth flowers, buds, or leaves (trees). (STG) (Pers.)
- turāb
- Dirt (Ar.)
- turfanda
- Early fruits or vegetables. (R) (NA) (TDK) (DGA) (HAY) (Ot.)
- turfandalık
- Garden or field for growing early fruits and vegetables. (R) (TDK) (TRM) (KUB) (TEM) (Ot.)
- turi'ia
- Hoe (Heb.)
- turra
- Coping of a wall. (STG) (Pers.)
- tuvāra
- Thorns fixed on a wall; straw hut in which keepers of vineyard take shelter. (STG) (Pers.)
- türbe
- Tomb, grave, mausoleum. (R) (Ot.)
- tūt
- Berry (FN 2:1221–22) (Ar.)
- tūt
- Strawberry (Heb.)
- tütün
- Tobacco (see also tabagh) (Ot.)
- tvuot choref
- ? (Heb.)
- tza'yid
- Hunt (Heb.)
- tzartzar
- Cricket (Heb.)
- tzel
- Shade (Heb.)
- tzemach
- Plant (Heb.)
- tzfarde'a
- Frog (Heb.)
- tzinor
- Hose, pipe (Heb.)
- tzipor
- Bird (Heb.)
- tziporen
- One of the incense plants used at the Temple (eugenia caryophyllata) (Heb.)
- tzira'a
- Hornet (Heb.)
- tznon
- Radish (Heb.)
- tzome'ach
- Vegetation (Heb.)
- tzuh
- Nectar (Heb.)
- tzvi
- Deer, gazelle (Heb.)
- ṭabīʿah
- Nature; physics (see also Heb. teva) (Ar.)
- ṭalʿ
- Spadix or inflorescence of the palm tree; pollen (Ibn Mammātı̄, 86; Lane, 1869; Wehr, 661) (Ar.)
- ṭarīy[ah]
- Soft, supple, tender; fresh (Ar.)
- ṭarmākī
- A seed planted at the same time of wheat (see ḥinṭah), the best season for planting being in late January/early February; it is similar to the jūbı̄thā kuwı̄ (FN 1:517) (Syr.)
- ṭı̄b
- Goodness, heartiness (as used in reference to soil) (Ar.)
- ṭı̄n
- Mud, dirt (Ar.)
- thamar[ah]
- Fruit (Ar.)
- tharūmı̄shā
- Syriac seed type which supposedly corresponds to a Greek plant transliterated into Arabic as thirṭāniyā (FN 1:517–18) (Syr.)
- thumām
- Panic grass (see also gharaz) (Ar.)
- thūm
- Garlic (FN 1:577–81) (Ar.)
- thūnīghā
- Syriac name for a plant that has a hollow stem and is white, what the Persians call shahdānaj (hemp seed) (FN 1:519–20) (Syr.)
- uqḥuwān
- Camomile (see also bābūnaj) (FN 1:135–36) (Ar.)
- urusī
- Sliding window that opens vertically; also used for rooms that have this kind of window. (Pers.)
- utāq
- Room, chamber, cabin. (STG) (Pers.)
- vādīj
- Trellis, vine-prop; vine-bud, the place where grapes are hung up; vādij bastan to tie the vine on a pergola. (STG) (Pers.)
- wajj
- Mesopotamian plant similar to the sawsan (lily or iris) (FN vol. I, 633) (Syr.)
- waraqah (pl. awrāq or waraq)
- Leaves (Ar.)
- wazagh (pl. awzāgh)
- Poisonous lizard (Ar.)
- wāḥah (pl. wāḥāt)
- Oasis (Ar.)
- wārā ʿālā
- A plant that is foreign to Mesopotamia and supposedly hails from either Greece or Egypt, the shaft of which is similar to hilyawn (asparagus) (FN 1:596–97) (Syr.)
- waskh ghālib
- Egyptian phrase used to designate land which has been overtaken by plants that have prevented farmers from turning it into productive soil for farming (Ibn Mammātı̄, 203) (Ar.)
- waskh muzdaraʿ
- Egyptian phrase used to designate land, the soil of which farmers have been unable to properly farm (Ibn Mammātı̄ 203) (Ar.)
- yabrūḥ
- Mandrake (Ar.)
- yagev
- Field (Heb.)
- yalak
- Basin prepared to plant vegetables or fruits. (MER) (Ot.)
- yanbūt
- Bean clover (Ar.)
- yanbūʿ (pl. yanābīʿ)
- Spring (Ar.)
- yaqtin
- Creeping plant of the gourd family (Ar.)
- yarak
- Vegetable (Heb.)
- yarkan
- Greengrocer, vegetable grower/dealer (Heb.)
- yarok
- Green herb (Heb.)
- yarok ad
- Evergreen plants (Heb.)
- yasemin
- Jasmine (FN 1:136–37) (Ot.)
- yastık
- Nursery bed (garden). (R) (ARS) (HAY) (MED) (KUB) (Ot.)
- yatak
- Nursery bed. (TDK) (Ot.)
- ya'ar
- Forest (Heb.)
- ya'aran
- Forester (Heb.)
- ya'in
- Wine (Heb.)
- yābis[ah]
- Dry, parched, desiccated, arid; barren (Ar.)
- yāsmīn
- Jasmine (Ibn Mammātı̄, 86) (Ar.)
- yegiva
- Fieldwork; crop management (Heb.)
- yekev
- Wine cellar, wine press (Heb.)
- yerakot Choref
- Winter vegetable; winter crops (Heb.)
- yerek
- Green herbs; vegetation; foliage (Heb.)
- yevol
- Crop (Heb.)
- yeynail, yeynan
- Wine produre/salesman (Heb.)
- yibol
- Weeding (Heb.)
- yogev
- Farmer (Heb.)
- yokev
- Vineyard owner (Heb.)
- yonca
- Clover (Ot.)
- yurd
- Chamber, room, apartment. (STG) (Pers.)
- yūlūrı̄thā
- A Syriac name for a seed or grain from the plant genus also known in Syriac as kalbā (FN 1:515–16) (Syr.)
- yūrt
- Resting place, station, abode, mansion; encampment. (STG) (Pers.)
- zabal, also zabbal or zibl
- (Fresh) dung, manure, especially of solid-hoofed animals; compost (Lane, 1212); (Ar.)
- zabı̄l, also zabbı̄ıl or zanbı̄l (pl. azbāl)
- Basket of palm leaves (Lane, 1212) (Ar.)
- zanjabīl
- Ginger (FN 1:636; Lane, 1256) (Ar.)
- zanzalakht [shajarat al-]
- China tree (Wehr, 445) (Ar.)
- zarnab [shajarat al-]
- A bitter-smelling, perfumed tree primarily found in Syria (FN 2:1247; Lane, 1228) (Ar.)
- zaytūn
- Olive (FN 1:12–53, 2:1183–84) (Ar.)
- zevel, zaval
- Dung or other animal excrement or decayed organic or mineral remains used as fertilizer; the name of the person who fertilizes a field (Heb.)
- zibul
- Fertilization (Heb.)
- zimra
- Best fruit; the pick of the crop (Heb.)
- zunbūr
- Hornet; wasp (see also Ar. dabbūr) (Ar.)
- zuʿrūr [shajarat al-]
- Azarole, Neapolitan medlar (FN 1:165–67; Wehr, 438) (Ar.)
- zvula
- Digging tool (Heb.)
- zvurit
- Barren or poor quality soil (Heb.)
- ʿabāl
- A variety of wild rose; eglantine (Wehr, 688) (Ar.)
- ʿadas (ʿadasāt)
- Lentils (see also Heb. ʿadashah) (Ar.)
- ʿafis[ah]
- Pungent, putrid (Ar.)
- ʿanavah
- Berry (Heb.)
- ʿarʿar
- Juniper (Juniperus) (Ar.)
- ʿaqqār (pl. ʿaqāqı̄r)
- medicinal materials (Ar.)
- ʿawsaj
- Boxthorn (FN 1:191–93; Wehr, 769) (Ar.)
- ʿiḍāh [shajarat al-]
- Any great trees or bushes having thorns (Lane, 2076) (Ar.)
- ʿillah, ʿilal
- Illness, sickness (applied to both mammals and plants; see also maraḍ) (Ar.)
- ʿinab
- Grape (Ar.)
- ʿuslūj, ʿasālīj
- Soft green rods or twigs (Ar.)
- ʿı̄shūm [shajarat al-]
- A tree or bush that is unknown to Ibn Waḥshiyyah by name or description; it is also foreign to Mesopotamia. It reaches a height of 2.5 arms, exudes a nice perfume similar to that of the cypress (suʿd), and has tiny red flowers similar to the rāzı̄ flower (FN 1:176) (Ar.)
- ʿubub
- Waters pouring forth copiously (Lane I, 1932) (Ar.)
- ʿunbab
- Abundance of water (Lane I, 1932) (Ar.)
- ʿushar [shajarat al-]
- A tree or bush that, according to the Ibn Waḥshīyah, is cultivated and found only in the hottest of Arab countries (e.g., Hijaz, Najd, and their environs), as well as in Ceylon (Ar. Sarandīb); from its sap a bitter sugar known as ʿushar sugar is made and it “very suitable for the stomach” (FN 1:172–73). For a more diverse account of the description of the tree, including its categorization under the type of tree/shrub ʿiḍāḥ, see Lane, 2051 (Ar.)
- ʿushb
- Herbs (Ar.)
- ʿuṣbah
- Vine (Ar.)
- ʿuṭlub
- A subterranean fungus (FN 1:603–4) (Syr.)
- ʿunnāb
- Jujube (FN 2:1191–94; Lane, 2167; Wehr, 759) (Ar.)
- ʿurjūn (ʿarājı̄n)
- Date palm branch with date cluster (Wehr, 704) (Ar.)
- ʿūd
- Wood, timber (Ar.)