ISLAMIC ARCHITECTURE AND THE ENVIRONMENT
Prof. Nasser Rabbat, MIT Department of Architecture
School of Architecture and Planning

This course proposes to study how Islamic architecture and urban planning coped with environmental constraints in various areas and different climates and turned them into constructive design tools. It examines the environmental strategies behind the design of selected examples ranging in scale from the region, to the city, the house, the garden, and the single architectural element. It explores the social, cultural, symbolic, and psychological dimensions of environmental design as they developed over time to enrich, modify, or even obscure their functional origins.
Topics Covered:
- The Image of Paradise and its models: Koranic gardens, Dome of Heaven, Celestial Dome; Muqarnas
- Movable Architecture: tents, yurts, and camps.
- Shadow and Shading devices; Trees; Tiles; Colors
- Wind catchers and other cooling techniques
- Orientation and the city scape: streets, openings, houses.
- Water Architecture: fountains, sabils, qanat, shadirwan, waterwheel, aqueducts, Hammams
- Andalusian Examples: Madinat al-Zahra, Alhambra, Generalife
- Chahar Bagh symbolism: Representation of garden in painting
- Timurid, Mughal, Ottoman, and Persian Gardens
- Representation of garden in painting (Nasuh, Persian, Mughal, Qajar)
- Architecture and Travel: Caravanserai (Ottoman chimneys), Grand Hotels
- The Courtyard House: Hasan Fathy's notion on Courtyard houses.
- Contemporary indulgences: Diplomats' section in Riyadh, Hollywood's representations, Summer villas in the Mediterranean.
- The city scape: streets, openings, houses
The course is open to graduates and undergraduates. It is structured as a pro-seminar. One session each week will be devoted to a lecture on a specific topic. The second session will be a class discussion on the same topic with designated students' presentations on various aspects of the topic.

Week 1 A Brief Introduction to the History and Ecology of the Islamic World

Reading
Ernst J.Grube, "What is Islamic Architecture?" in G. Michell ed. Architecture of the Islamic World: Its History and Social Meaning. 11-14.
 
Week 2 Environment, Climate, and Architecture in The Islamic World

Historical Precedents
Movable Architecture: Tents, the dwelling of the nomad.
Rural and Urban Settlements in Arabia

Week 3 Early Islamic Settlements

Mecca, Medina: The house of the Prophet at Medina.
The first garrison towns of Islam: Kufa, Basra, Fustat, Qayrawan.

Readings
Ralph Knowles, Energy and Form: An Ecological Approach to Urban Growth (MIT Press, 1974), 5-15.
Paul Oliver, Dwellings: The House Across the World (Austin, 1987), 113-24.
Encyclopedia of Islam, 2d edition, articles on Basra, Kufa, and Kairawan.
 
Week 4 Umayyad Settlements

Paradisial environment? Ideal environment? Or symbolic environment?
Pre Islamic prototypes:
Byzantine, Greco-Roman, and Hellenistic prototypes.
Mesopotamian, Parthian, and Sassanian prototypes.
Levantine, Arabian, and South-Arabian influences.

Discussion: The Image of Paradise and its models: Koranic gardens, Dome of Heaven

Readings
Jere Bacharach, Marwanid Umayyad Building Activities: Speculation on Patronage," Muqarnas 13 (1996): 27-44.
Klaus Brisch, "Observations on the Iconography of the Mosaics in the Great Mosque at Damascus," in, Content and Context of Visual Arts in the Islamic World.(Philadelphia, 1988) 13-20.
Oleg Grabar, The Formation of Islamic Art. (New Haven, 1973), 1-44, 139-78.
Oleg Grabar, "Umayyad Palaces Reconsidered," Ars Orientalis 23, (1993): 93-102.
Oleg Grabar, et al. City in the Desert, Qasr al-Hayr East. (Cambridge, 1978), 148-73.
Robert Hillenbrand, "La Dolce Vita in Early Islamic Syria: The Evidence of Later Umayyad Palaces," Art History 5, 1 (March 1982) 1-35.
 
Week 5 Medieval Links

Fustat Houses:
Residential medieval architecture: Mamluk Qa‘as: the spreading of the royal model.
Residences on the move: Caravansaries, the hostels of the great trading routes.
The Rab‘: A unique medieval urban residential types

Readings
L. Ibrahim, "Residential Architecture in Mamluk Cairo," Muqarnas, 2 (1984) 47-59.
Oleg Grabar "Palaces, Citadels and fortifications," and Eleanor Sims, "Trade and Travel: Markets and Caravanserais," in G. Michell, Architecture of the Islamic World.
Hoag, chapter 9. Domestic Architecture of the Ayyubids and Mamluks.
 
Week 6 The Alhambra in Granada

The Islamic Versions of the Villa Urbana and Villa Rustica.
Madinat al-Zahra
Granadine Villas

Readings
James S. Ackerman, "The Villa as Paradigm," Perspecta. 22 (1985): 10-31.
James Dickie, "The Islamic Garden in Spain," in: E. MacDougall, The Islamic Garden, 87-105.
Oleg Grabar, The Alhambra, 25-132
idem, "Granada: A Case Study of Arab Urbanism in Muslim Spain," in The Legacy of Muslim Spain, ed. S. K. Jayyusi (Leiden, 1992), 88-110.
Nasser Rabbat, "The Palace of the Lions in Alhambra and the Role of Water in its Conception," AARP/Environmental Design 2 (1985): 64-73.
 
Week 7 Water and The Islamic Garden

Water Architecture: fountains, sabils, qanat, shadirwan

Readings
Saleh Lamei Mostafa, "The Cairene Sabil: Form and Meaning," Muqarnas 6 (1989): 33-42.
Nasser Rabbat, "Shadirwan" in the Encyclopedia of Islam, 2d ed. 9: 175-76.
Annemarie Schimmel, "The Celestial Garden," in Elizabeth MacDougall and Richard Ettingausen, eds., The Islamic Garden (Dumbarton Oaks, l976), 13-39.
Yasser Tabbaa, "The Medieval Islamic Garden: Typology and Hydraulics," in John Dixon Hunt ed., Garden History: Issues, Approaches, Methods (Dumbarton Oak, 1992), 303-29.
Yasser Tabbaa, "Towards an Interpretation of the Use of Water in Islamic Courtyards and courtyard Gardens," Journal of Garden History 7, 3 (1987): 197-220.
 
Week 8 Spring Break
 
Week 9 Planned Royal Cities

Baghdad and Samarra as models.
Cairo: royal residence of the Fatimid Caliphs.
The Mughal Royal Palaces: Fatehpur Sikri.
Isfahan: The Creation of the Safavid Capital.

Readings
Nezzar AlSayyad,. Cities and Caliphs, 133-58.
Attilio Petruccioli, "The Geometry of Power: The City's Planning," in Brand and Lowry, Fatehpur-Sikri, 50-64.
Ebba Koch, "Mughal Palace Gardens from Babur to Shahjahan (1526-1648)," Muqarnas 14 (1997): 143-65.
Donald Wilber, Persian Gardens and Garden Pavilions, 39-53
 
Week 10 The Chahar Bagh

Timurid, Mughal, Ottoman, and Persian Gardens
Symbolism: Representation of Garden in Painting

Readings
James Dickie, (Yaqub Zaki) "The Mughal Garden: Gateway to Paradise," Muqarnas 3 (1985): 128-37.
James Dickie, "Garden and Cemetery in Sinan's Istanbul," AARP/Environmental Design 12 (1987): 70-85.
Lisa Golombek, "The Gardens of Timur: New Perspectives," Muqarnas 12 (1995): 137-47.
Susan Jellicoe, "The Mughal Garden," in Ettinghausen and MacDougall, The Islamic Garden.
Charles W. Moore, William J. Mitchell, William Turnbull, Jr., The poetics of Gardens (Cambridge, Mass. : 1988).
Elizabeth Moynihan, Paradise as a Garden in Persia and Mughal India, New York: Braziller, 1979.
 
Week 11 Traditional Houses

Courtyard Houses
Iranian Houses and Pavilions.
Ottoman Residences and Pavilions
Adobe Architecture:
Earth: Building Materials and their Environmental Properties

Readings
Mousallam Sakka Amini, "Islamic and Japanese Traditional Houses and Their Social Meaning: A Comparative Interpretation." Islamic Quarterly 37, 4 (1993): 266-79.
Tulay Artan, Architecture as a Theater of Life: Profile of the 18th Century Bosphorus. MIT, PhD (1988).
William Curtis, "Type and Variation: Berber Collective Dwellings of the Northwestern Sahara," Muqarnas 1 (1982): 181-209.
Ron Fuchs, "The Palestinian Arab House and the Islamic 'Primitive Hut'," Muqarnas 15 (1998): 157-77.
Ronald Lewcock, The Old Walled City of San‘a’, 55-85.
Guy T. Petherbridge, "The House and Society," in G. Michell, Architecture of the Islamic World, 193-204.
Bernard Maury, André Raymond, Jacques Revault and Mona Zakariya. Palais et maisons du Caire: II époque ottoman (XVIe-XVIIIE siècles). Paris: CNRS, 1983.
Fredrich Raguette, The Lebanese House during the 18th and 19th Centuries, chapters 2 and 4.
Albert Szabo and Thomas J. Barfield, Afghanistan: An Atlas of Indigenous Domestic Architecture, Austin: University of Texas Press, 1991.
 
Week 12 Environmental Responsiveness in Traditional Architecture

Shadow and Shading devices
Wind catchers and other cooling techniques
Orientation and the city scape: streets, openings, houses.
Discussion: The Interplay of History, Culture, and the Climate in Traditional Architecture (Heschong)

Readings
Michael E. Bonine, "Aridity and Structure: Adaptations of Indigenous Housing in Central Iran," in Clark and Paylore, Desert Housing: Balancing Experience and Technology for Dwelling in Hot Arid Zones, 193-219.
Coles and Jackson. A Windtower House in Dubai.
Daniel Dunham, "The Courtyard House as a Temperature Regulator," The New Scientist (September 8, 1960): 663-66.
Lisa Heschong, Thermal Delight in Architecture.
David A. King, "Architecture and Astronomy: The Ventilators of Medieval Cairo and the Secrets," Journal of the American Oriental Society 104, 1 (1984): 97-133.
Susan Roaf, "The Windcatchers of the Middle East," in Islamic Architecture and Urbanism, ed. Aydin Germen (Dammam, Saudi Arabia, 1980), 257-68.
 
Week 13 Revival of the Vernacular

H. Fathy, W. Wassif, N. Khalili
Hasan Fathy's conceptualization of the courtyard house.

Readings
Hassan Fathy, Architecture for the Poor.
Besim S. Hakim, "The "Urf" and its role in diversifying the architecture of traditional Islamic cities," Journal of architectural and planning research. 11, 2 (1994): 108-127.
Ronald Lewcock, "Working with the Past," in Theories and Principles of design in the Architecture of Islamic Societies (AKPIA, 1988), 87-96.
 
Week 14 The Environmental Theme and Developing Countries

Contemporary Examples: the environmental category in the Aga Khan Award.
Students presentations of examples chosen from the Aga Khan Award projects

Readings
William Curtis, Modern Architecture since 1900, chapter 27: Modern Architecture and Developing Countries since 1960.
Aga Khan Award Publications.