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ARCHITECTURE
OF THE ISLAMIC WORLD
Melanie Michailidis |
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This
course surveys the art and architecture of the Islamic world from the
7th through the 20th centuries using material available online through
Archnet. It examines the form and function of architecture as
well as the social, historical and cultural contexts, patterns of use,
and evolving meanings attributed to buildings by the users. The
course is designed for undergraduates and is based on a 13-week semester
and biweekly meetings of approximately 1.5 hours, although the syllabus
contains weekly headings so that adjustments can easily be made for
classes meeting three times per week. The syllabus can be printed
and distributed to students, whereas these notes are designed as a guide
for the instructor, with lists of the readings, suggested monuments
with links to the images, and the main points of stress for each lecture.
Required readings are given in the order they should be read to ensure
maximum comprehension. Recommended readings contain supplementary
material, material which may be more difficult to comprehend, and articles
on minor monuments and subsidiary topics. Adjustments may of course
be made to suit the level of the students, the time available, and the
interests of the instructor; what follows is a suggested course which
attempts to instill in the student a broad awareness of the diversity
and the main achievements of Islamic architecture from the beginnings
of Islam to the present day.
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Course
Schedule |
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WEEK
1 |
Beginnings:
Definitions of Islamic Architecture and its Antecedents in Late Antiquity
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|
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| Lecture
1-1: What is Islam and what is Islamic architecture? |
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Aim:
The aim of this initial lecture is to introduce the course by providing
the students with some basic background knowledge of Islam and its beginnings
in the Arabian Peninsula and by making them aware of the difficulties
of defining Islamic architecture.
|
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Required
Readings: |
|
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Recommended
Readings: |
Geoffrey
King, Creswells'
Appreciation of Arabian Architecture, Muqarnas 8, 1991
Oleg Grabar, Symbols
& Signs in Islamic Architecture, Architecture as Symbol
& Self-Identity
Oleg Grabar, Reflections
on the Study of Islamic Art, Muqarnas 1, 1983
Nader Ardalan, The
Visual Language of Symbolic Form: A Preliminary Study of Mosque Architecture,
Architecture as Symbol & Self-Identity
Fazlur Khan, The
Islamic Environment: Can Future Learn from the Past? Toward
an Architecture in the Spirit of Islam
Zahair Ud-Deen Khwaja, The
Spirit of Islamic Architecture, Toward an Architecture in
the Spirit of Islam
|
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Monument
List: |
Kaaba,
Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Mosque of the Prophet, Medina, Saudi Arabia
Said
Naum Mosque, Jakarta, Indonesia
Great
Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
Sherefudins
White Mosque, Bosnia and Herzogovina
Taj
Mahal, Agra, India
Great
Mosque of Isfahan
Alhambra,
Granada, Spain
|
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Points
to Stress: |
*
Outline beginning of Islam: revelation, hijra, Muslim community in
Mecca
*
Outline basic tenets of Islam, stressing those most relevant to architecture:
hajj and prayer
*
Importance of Kaaba as an axis mundi and its uniqueness
*
Functionality of Mosque of the Prophet: house, gathering place for
community, shelter for those in need, place of prayer
*
Characteristics of Mosque of the Prophet: rudimentary hypostyle construction,
minbar, no mihrab or minaret
*
Role of Arabia: not all Arabians were nomads, and both Mecca and Medina
were settled towns, so Arabians did have architecture
*
Discuss definitions of Islamic architecture, looking at examples from
various times & places and including issues such as: Is this a
cultural or a religious classification? Is there a uniform Islamic
culture? Are there enough similarities between 10th century Spain
and modern Indonesia to warrant their inclusion in a single category?
Are there any inherently Islamic features in Islamic architecture?
Can a specifically Islamic symbolism be discerned in the religious
architecture of the Islamic world?
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| Lecture1-
2: Antecedents of Islamic Architecture: The World of Late Antiquity |
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Aim:
To introduce the early Islamic conquests and describe the Byzantine
and Sasanian heritages of the newly conquered lands in order to lay
the groundwork for explaining the development of a specifically Islamic
architecture.
|
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Required
Readings: |
|
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Recommended
Readings: |
Deborah
Klimburg-Salter, Dokhtar-i
Noshirwan (Nigar) Reconsidered, Muqarnas 10, 1993
Irene Winter, Seat
of Kingship/A Wonder to Behold: The Palace as Construct in the Ancient
Near East, Ars Orientalis, 1993
Stefania Tateo, Umm er-Rasa, Jordan: From Roman-Byzantine to Islamic
Town, Environmental Design, 2000
Slobodan Curcic, Late
Antique Palaces: The Meaning of Urban Context, Ars Orientalis,
1993
|
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Monument
List: |
Haghia
Sophia, Istanbul, Turkey
Kariye
Museum, Istanbul, Turkey
Kucuk
Ayasofya Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey
Taq-i
Kisra, Ctesiphon**
Ateshkadeh, Niasar**
Sarvistan*
|
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Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: Sasanian empire & Byzantium as the super-powers
at the time when Islam emerged; outline the early Islamic conquests
which resulted in the conquering of the Sasanians and of much of Byzantine
territory
*
Byzantine and Sasanian heritage, along with Arabian traditions, formed
the basis of early Islamic art and architecture
* Byzantine architectural legacy contained the continuing traditions
of classicism in an area which had been the most urbanized and cultured
part of the Roman Empire: elements included the use of finely worked
stone, domes resting on triangular pendentives, columns (often appropriated
as spolia), and mosaics
* Elements of the Sasanian architectural legacy included brick or
rubble construction coated with plaster, stucco decoration, heavy
piers, domes resting on squinches, the chahar taq (the form of Zoroastrian
fire temples), and the ivan (used to magnificent effect at Ctesiphon)
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WEEK
2 |
The
Umayyad Period |
|
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| Lecture
2-1: Umayyad Religious Architecture |
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Aim:
To describe the Umayyad dialogue with the classical heritage of Syria,
focusing on the first Islamic religious monument, the Dome of the Rock,
and the grandest surviving Umayyad mosque, the Great Mosque of Damascus.
|
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Required
Readings: |
|
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Recommended
Readings: |
Nasser
Rabbat, The
Dome of the Rock Revisited: Some Remarks on al-Wasitis Accounts,
Muqarnas 10, 1993
Nuha Khoury, The
Dome of the Rock, the Kaba, and Ghumdan: Arab Myths and Umayyad Monuments,
Muqarnas 10, 199
Jonathan Bloom, Creswell
and the Origins of the Minaret, Muqarnas 8, 1991
John Warren, Creswells
Use of the Theory of Dating by the Acuteness of the Pointed Arches
in Early Muslim Architecture, Muqarnas 8, 1991
|
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Monument
List: |
|
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Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: outline the emergence of the Umayyad dynasty
and the movement of the capital to Damascus
* Classical heritage: stress that the Islamic world inherited classical
traditions to the same degree as the West; point out the elements
in both buildings clearly descended from the classical past, such
as the links between the form of the Dome of the Rock and classical
martyria, the use of a pre-existing site for the Great Mosque of Damascus
and the incorporation of extant walls, towers, etc., classical features
of the sanctuary facade and courtyard of the Great Mosque, and the
use of both classical spolia and mosaic decoration in both buildings
* New Islamic features include the lack of figural decoration in both
buildings, the use of epigraphy and stress on the differences between
Islam and Christianity in the Dome of the Rock, and the mihrab, qibla
orientation, use of towers for the call to prayer and the connection
to the dar al-imara at the Great Mosque of Damascus
* Describe the differing interpretations of the meaning of the Dome
of the RockDescribe the differing interpretations of the meaning of
the mosaic decoration of the courtyard of the Great Mosque of Damascus
|
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| Lecture
2-2: Umayyad Secular Architecture |
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Aim:
To continue elaborating on the Umayyad dialogue with their classical
heritage, focusing on secular buildings.
|
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Required
Readings: |
|
|
Recommended
Readings: |
Oleg
Grabar, Umayyad
Palaces Reconsidered, Ars Orientalis, 1993
Hafez Chehab, On
the Identification of Anjar (Ayn al-Jarr) as an Umayyad Foundation,
Muqarnas 10, 1993
Priscilla Soucek,
Solomons Throne/Solomons Bath: Model or Metaphor? Ars Orientalis,
1993
Eva Baer, The Human Figure in Early Islamic Art: Some Preliminary
Remarks, Muqarnas 16, 1999
Jamel Akbar,
Khatta and the Territorial Structure of Early Muslim Towns, Muqarnas
6, 1989
|
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Monument
List: |
Khirbat
al-Mafjar, Jericho, Palestine
Mosque
and Palace at Qusayr al-Hallabat and Hammam as-Sarakh, Amman,
Jordan
Qasr
al-Hayr al-Gharbi, Palmyra, Syria
Qasr
al-Hayr al-Sharqi, Palmyra, Syria
Qasr
al-Kharana, El Azraq , Jordan
Qasr
al-Mshatta, Amman, Jordan
Umayyad
Qasr at Amman, Jordan
Qusayr Amra**
|
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Points
to Stress: |
*
Classical heritage: adoption of Roman castrum form for new purposes,
mosaic decoration at Qusayr al-Hallabat and both Qusur al-Hayr, frescos
with classical themes at Qusayr Amra, baths at Qusayr Amra and Hammam
as-Sarakh
* Elements of Sasanian heritage: domed 4-ivan chamber at Amman, stucco
motifs in stone decoration of al-Mshatta, stucco decoration and hanging
crown at Khirbat al-Mafjar, rubble & mortar construction at Qasr
al-Kharana
* Purpose of qusur: describe various theories (desert retreats, hunting
lodges, escape from city life and disease, arena for meeting with
politically important tribes, pleasure palaces, agricultural estates,
caravanserais, etc.), stressing that no one explanation is likely
to encompass all the buildings
* Figural decoration: explain that this is forbidden only in a religious
context and was acceptable in secular contexts in many places and
times
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WEEK
3 |
The
Abbasids |
|
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| Lecture
3-1: Baghdad & Samarra |
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Aim:
To describe the movement of the centre of gravity of the Islamic world
from Syria, steeped in its classical heritage, to Iraq, in the former
Sasanian realm and to outline the growing Persian influence in Islamic
architecture.
|
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Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Abbasid
Alastair Northedge, Creswell,
Herzfeld and Samarra, Muqarnas 8, 1991
|
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Recommended
Readings: |
Jonathan Bloom,
The
Qubbat al-Khadra and the Iconography of Height in Early Islamic Architecture,
Ars Orientalis, 1993
Alastair Northedge, An
Interpretation of the Palace of the Caliph at Samarra (Dar al-Khalifa
or Jawsaq al-Khaqani), Ars Orientalis, 1993
Michael Cooperson, Baghdad
in Rhetoric and Narrative, Muqarnas 13, 1996
|
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Monument
List: |
Al-Mansurs
Round City, Baghdad, Iraq
Balkuwara
Palace, Samarra, Iraq
Jawsaq
al-Khaqani Palace, Samarra, Iraq
Great
Mosque of al-Mutawakkil, Samarra, Iraq
Mosque
of Abu Dulaf, Samarra, Iraq
Qubbat
al-Sulaibiyya, Samarra, Iraq
Raqqa
Palaces, Raqqah, Iraq
|
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Points to Stress:
|
*
Historical background: outline the Abbasid revolution of 750, the
moving of the capital to Baghdad, the increasing use of Turkish slave
soldiers, then the subsequent building of a new capital at Samarra
* Baghdad:
describe the round city of al-Mansur, emphasizing that the metropolis
soon expanded well beyond it and quickly became one of the two greatest
cities in the world at that time (rivaled only by Changan, the capital
of Tang Dynasty China), although unfortunately so little is left from
that era
* Samarra palaces: emphasize their size, the speed of construction,
the use of brick, ivans and stucco decoration (elements of the Persian
heritage of the region); stress the widespread influence of the Samarra
style throughout the Islamic world
* Samarra mosques: emphasize size and grandeur, describe ziyadas,
stress the Mesopotamian roots of the minarets
|
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| Lecture
3-2: North Africa |
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Aim:
To describe the major Abbasid monuments of North Africa, in the only
lecture devoted to that region, and to show how the influence of Baghdad
penetrated throughout the Islamic world.
|
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Required
Readings: |
Doris
Behrens-Abouseif, Early
Islamic Architecture in Cairo, Islamic Architecture in Cairo,
1989
|
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Monument
List: |
Great
Mosque of Kairouan, Tunisia
Great
Mosque of Susa, Tunisia
Mosque
of the Three Doors, Kairouan, Tunisia
Ribat
at Sousse, Tunisia
Mosque
of Ibn Tulun, Cairo, Egypt
|
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Points
to Stress: |
*
Great Mosque of Kairouan: describe the development of the North African
T-plan; stress the influence of Baghdad in the arrangement of the
luster tiles in the mihrab and the classical influence of the area
in the form of the mihrab
* Mosque of the Three Doors: describe the phenomenon of the 9-dome
mosques spread throughout the Islamic world and probably based on
a Baghdad prototype but interpreted in local materials and styles
* Ribat: explain the usage of this building type as a monastery-fortress
for soldiers engaged in jihad on the frontiers of the Islamic world
* Mosque of Ibn Tulun: outline the historical circumstances of Ibn
Tuluns appointment and how this impacted upon the mosque which he
built; describe the Samarran influences on this building in its construction
material (brick in a land which habitually built in stone), its decoration
(stucco with Samarra-based motifs), its structure (piers rather than
columns as well as the addition of a ziyada), and its spiral-shaped
minaret
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|
WEEK
4 |
The
Spread of Islam: Iran & Central Asia; Spain |
|
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| Lecture4-
1: Iran & Central Asia |
| |
Aim:
To introduce the earliest extant architecture in the eastern Islamic
world, showing how Islamic forms developed using the traditional building
techniques and materials of the region.
|
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Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Buyid,
Samanid
Galina Pugachenkova, The
Role of Bukhara in the Creation of the Architectural Typology of the
Former Mausoleums of Mavarannahr, Bukhara: The Myth and the
Architecture
Sheila Blair, The
Octagonal Pavilion at Natanz: A Reexamination of Early Islamic Architecture
in Iran, Muqarnas 1, 1983
|
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Recommended
Readings: |
Thomas
Leisten, Between
Orthodoxy & Exegesis: Some Aspects of Attitudes in the Sharia toward
Funerary Architecture, Muqarnas 7, 1990
Heinz Gaube, What
Arabic & Persian Sources Tell Us About the Structure of Tenth-Century
Bukhara, Bukhara: The Myth and the Architecture
Aleksandr Naymark, The
Size of Samanid Bukhara: A Note on Settlement Patterns in Early Islamic
Mawarannahr, Bukhara: The Myth and the Architecture
|
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Monument
List: |
Tarik
Khana, Damgan, Iran
Sultan
Kala, Merv, Turkmenistan
Friday
Mosque of Nain, Iran
Mosque
of Jurjir, Isfahan, Iran
No Gunbad Mosque**
Samanid
Mausoleum, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Arab Ata Mausoleum**
Gunbad-i
Qabus, Gurgan, Iran
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: outline the emergence of independent dynasties
in the eastern Islamic world pledging nominal allegiance to the caliph
in Baghdad
* Materials: remind the students that brick (unbaked for most buildings,
baked for monumental constructions) was the primary material used
throughout Iran and Central Asia in the pre-Islamic period, with stucco
decoration, and show that these materials continued to be used, albeit
with new developments such as the influence of the Samarra styles
on stucco carving (especially visible in the Friday Mosque of Nain
and the No Gunbad Mosque)
* Techniques: explain that Sasanian building techniques, such as the
use of squinches to support domes and the use of heavy piers, also
continued, with the Tarik Khana in particular demonstrating its Sasanian
heritage; show the continued development of squinches using the Samanid
and Arab Ata mausolea and the first extant appearance of the pishtaq
in the Arab Ata mausoleum
* No Gunbad: explain that this is a local manifestation of the 9-dome
mosque form previously seen in Tunisia, here interpreted in eastern
Islamic materials and construction techniques
* Funerary architecture: show that two different forms of mausoleum
emerged, the domed square in Central Asia (Samanid & Arab Ata
mausolea) and the tomb tower in northern Iran (Gunbad-i Qabus), both
amongst the earliest extant funerary buildings anywhere in the Islamic
world
|
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| Lecture
4- 2: Spain |
| |
Aim:To
describe the architecture in the westernmost extension of the Islamic
world, concentrating on the Umayyad caliphate but also showing how Spanish
architecture developed up to the Reconquista
|
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Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Taifa,
Almohad,
Nasrid
D. Fairchild Ruggles, The
Mirador in Abbasid and Hispano-Umayyad Garden Typology, Muqarnas
7, 1990
Nuha Khoury, The
Meaning of the Great Mosque of Cordoba in the Tenth Century, Muqarnas
13, 1996
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
D. Ruggles,
Arabic
Poetry and Architectural Memory in al-Andalus, Ars Orientalis,
1993
Cynthia Robinson, Ubi
Sunt: Memory & Nostalgia in Taifa Court Culture, Muqarnas
15, 1998
Heather Ecker, The Great Mosque of Cordoba in the Twelfth and Thirteenth
Centuries, Muqarnas 20, 2003
Nasser Rabbat, The
Palace of the Lions, Alhambra, and the Role of Water in its Conception,
Environmental Design, 1985
James Dickie, Gardens
in Muslim Spain, Environmental Design, 1986
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Great
Mosque of Cordoba, Spain
Church
of Cristo de la Luz, Toledo, Spain
Palatine
City of Madinat al-Zahra, Cordoba, Spain
Great
Mosque of Seville, Spain
Alcazar
of Seville, Spain
Alhambra,
Granada, Spain
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: describe briefly the history of Islam in
Spain, emphasizing the establishment of the Umayyad caliphate
* Great Mosque of Cordoba: outline the history of the mosque and its
expansion, emphasizing the suitability of the hypostyle form for a
growing community; describe how the hypostyle form was combined with
local traditions and Visigothic spolia to produce a unique style;
outline elements of Umayyad nostalgia for Syria seen in the structure
and decoration of the mosque (e.g. use of mosaics, use of ablaq);
explain the use of the maqsura
* Church of Cristo de la Luz: describe as a local manifestation of
the 9-dome mosque form built distinctly in the Iberian idiom and directly
imitating the Great Mosque of Cordoba in its domes
* Palaces: use the major palaces to show the evolution of the Iberian
style from the Umayyads to the Nasrids and to illuminate the tradition
of secular Islamic architecture which has rarely survived so well
elsewhere
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WEEK
5 |
The
Fatimids; The Seljuks |
|
| |
| Lecture
5-1: The Fatimids |
| |
Aim:
To describe the evolution of religious, funerary and military architecture
under the Fatimids and how this was affected by the rule of an Ismaili
Shiite dynasty.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Fatimid
Doris Behrens-Abouseif, Architecture
of the Fatimid Period, Islamic Architecture in Cairo, 1989
Doris Behrens-Abouseif, The
Facade of the Aqmar Mosque in the Context of Fatimid Ceremonial,
Muqarnas 9, 1992
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Jonathan
Bloom, The
Origins of Fatimid Art, Muqarnas 3, 1985
Jonathan Bloom, The
Mosque of al-Hakim in Cairo, Muqarnas 1, 1983
Caroline Williams, The
Cult of Alid Saints in the Fatimid Monuments of Cairo Part I: The Mosque
of al-Aqmar, Muqarnas 1, 1983
Caroline Williams, The
Cult of Alid Saints in the Fatimid Monuments of Cairo Part II: The Mausolea,
Muqarnas 3, 1985
Jonathan Bloom, The
Mosque of the Qarafa in Cairo, Muqarnas 4, 1987
Jonathan Bloom, The
Introduction of the Muqarnas into Egypt, Muqarnas 5, 1988
Christopher Taylor, Reevaluating
the Shii Role in the Development of Monumental Islamic Funerary Architecture:
The Case of Egypt, Muqarnas 9, 1992
Nasser Rabbat, Al-Azhar
Mosque: An Architectural Chronicle of Cairos History, Muqarnas
13, 1996
|
| |
Monument
List: |
al-Azhar
Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
Mosque
of al-Hakim, Cairo, Egypt
Mosque
of al-Juyushi, Cairo, Egypt
Bab
al-Nasr, Cairo, Egypt
Bab
al-Futuh, Cairo, Egypt
Mosque
of al-Aqmar, Cairo, Egypt
Mashhad
of Sayyida Ruqayya, Cairo, Egypt
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: reiterate the origins of Shiism in the succession
disputes of the early caliphate and explain the dispute which led
to the split between Sevener and Twelver Shiites; outline the Fatimid
conquest of North Africa and Egypt and briefly present the history
of the dynasty
* Congregational mosques: show the continued development of mosque
architecture in North Africa and specifically Fatimid characteristics
using the mosques of al-Azhar and al-Hakim; emphasise the fortress-like
appearance of al-Hakim and the enclosing of the minarets, the use
of keel arches, the continuation of classical shell motifs, and eastern
influence in the elaborate stucco mihrabs (particularly in the mosque
of al-Juyushi)
* Mosque of al-Juyushi: explain the conflicting interpretations of
this buildings (mosque, mashhad, watchtower) and its historical context
(Badr al-Jamali)
* City walls: describe the construction of the city walls under Badr
al-Jamali and how Armenian influence is manifested in their excellent
stonework
* Mosque of al-Aqmar: explain the alignment of the mosque vis-ˆ-vis
the street and the qibla; describe varying interpretations of its
purpose and the Ismaili symbolism present in the decoration of the
facade
* Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya: describe the proliferation of shrines
during the Fatimid period and the role of women in popular piety and
ziyarat
|
| |
| Lecture
5-2: The Seljuks |
| |
Aim:To
describe the advent of Turkish dynasties (including the Ghaznavids and
Ghurids as well as the Seljuks), the reinstatement of Sunni orthodoxy
under their rule, and the development of the characteristically Iranian
mosque form, the four-ivan plan.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Ghaznavid,
Seljuk
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Lisa
Golombek, The
Resilience of the Friday Mosque: The Case of Herat, Muqarnas
1, 1983
Sheila Blair, The
Madrasa at Zuzan: Islamic Architecture in Eastern Iran on the Eve of
the Mongol Invasions, Muqarnas 3, 1985
Thomas Leisten, Mashhad
al-Nasr: Monuments of War and Victory in Medieval Islamic Art, Muqarnas
13, 1996
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Friday
Mosque of Isfahan, Iran
Friday
Mosque of Ardistan, Iran
Friday
Mosque of Saveh, Iran
Pa
Minar Mosque, Zaware, Iran
Tomb
Towers at Kharraqan, Iran
Mausoleum of Arslan Jadhib, Sang Bast, Iran Tomb of Sultan Sanjar**
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: describe the advent of Turkish rule, beginning
with the Ghaznavids and Qarakhanids and then the Seljuk takeover of
Iran and Iraq; briefly describe important aspects of Seljuk rule,
such as the reimposition of Sunni orthodoxy through the sponsorship
of madrasas and the brilliant career of the Persian vizier Nizam al-Mulk
* Four-ivan plan: describe the evolution of the Friday Mosque of Isfahan
through the rivalry between Nizam al-Mulk and his successor Taj al-Mulk
and the development of the four-ivan plan; show other manifestations
of this plan, such as Ardistan, Saveh and Zavareh
* Architectural decoration: emphasise the lavish stucco inscriptions
and mihrab of Ardistan, the intricate brickwork of the mosque domes
and also of the minarets at Saveh at Zavareh, the use of terracotta
brick plugs (seen at Saveh), and the development of glazed tile decoration
(seen on the minaret at Zavareh)
* Funerary architecture: describe the continuity of previous forms,
both the tomb towers, seen in its Seljuk manifestation at Kharraqan,
and the domed square (the mausoleum of Arslan Jadhib and tomb of Sultan
Sanjar)
|
| |
|
WEEK
6 |
The
Seljuks of Rum; The Zengids & Ayyubids |
|
| |
| Lecture
6-1: The Seljuks of Rum |
| |
Aim:
To describe the distinctive Seljuk architecture of Anatolia, introducing
madrasas, caravanserais and religious complexes for the first time in
the course.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Seljuk
Ethel Sara Wolper, The
Politics of Patronage: Political Change and the Construction of Dervish
Lodges in Sivas, Muqarnas 12, 1995
Aysil Tukel Yavuz, The
Concepts that Shape Anatolian Seljuq Caravanserais, Muqarnas
14, 1997
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Scott
Redford, The
Seljuks of Rum and the Antique, Muqarnas 10, 1993
Scott Redford, Thirteenth-Century
Rum Seljuq Palaces and Palace Imagery, Ars Orientalis,
1993
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Alaeddin
Mosque, Konya, Turkey
Ince
Minareli Madrasa, Konya, Turkey
Karatay
Madrasa, Konya, Turkey
Cifte
Madrasa,Kayseri, Turkey
Cifte
Minare Madrasa, Erzurum, Turkey
Gok
Madrasa, Sivas, Turkey
Izzedin
Keykavus Hospital and Mausoleum, Sivas, Turkey
Doner
Tomb, Kayseri, Turkey
Huand
Hatun Complex, Kayseri, Turkey
Sultan
Han, Konya, Turkey
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: outline the Seljuk conquest of Anatolia and
briefly describe the rule of Seljuk and other Turkic principalities
in the region
* Alaeddin Mosque: show the type of covered hypostyle mosque without
a courtyard which evolved in Anatolia under Seljuk rule
* Madrasas: show the different architectural forms used for madrasas,
with ivans opening onto a courtyard or disposed around large domed
chambers; show the various types of architectural decoration employed
in Anatolia, including tile mosaic (developed by Iranian craftsmen
fleeing the Mongols), intricate carved stone portals, and the use
of multicolored marbles
* Izzedin Keykavus Hospital & Huand Hatun Complex: outline the
emergence of religious complexes and describe the development of new
institutions such as the madrasa and the khanqah; emphasise the prominence
of royal women as patrons
* Doner tomb: describe the development of the Iranian tomb tower form
in Anatolia, where it was constructed of stone rather than brick,
with squat proportions, prominent crypts, and intricately carved decoration
* Sultan Han: describe royal patronage of a chain of caravanserais
along major trading routes
|
| |
| Lecture
6-2: The Zengids & Ayyubids |
| |
Aim:
To introduce the architecture of the Seljuk successor states and
to describe that of the Ayyubids in particular in order to set the stage
for understanding the architecture of the Mamluk period. |
| |
Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Zengid, Ayyubid
Yasser Tabbaa, The
Muqarnas Dome: Its Origin & Meaning, Muqarnas 3, 1985
Doris Behrens-Abouseif, Architecture
of the Ayyubid Period, Islamic Architecture in Cairo, 1989
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
R. Stephen
Humphreys, Women
as Patrons of Religious Architecture in Ayyubid Damascus, Muqarnas
11, 1994
Yasser Tabbaa, Circles
of Power: Palace, Citadel and City in Ayyubid Aleppo, Ars Orientalis,
1993
K.A.C. Creswell, Mardin
and Diyarbekr, Muqarnas 15, 1998
Yasser Tabbaa, Survivals
and Archaisms in the Architecture of Northern Syria, ca. 1080-1150,
Muqarnas 10, 1993
Sabri Jarrar, Suq
al-Marifa: An Ayyubid Hanbalite Shrine in al-Haram al-Sharif,
Muqarnas 15, 1998
Finbarr B. Flood, The Medieval Trophy as an Art Historical Trope: Coptic
& Byzantine Altars in Islamic Contexts, Muqarnas 18, 2001
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Bimaristan
of Nur al-Din, Damascus, Syria
Madrasa
and Mausoleum of Nur al-Din, Damascus, Syria
Mashhad
of Imam Awn al-Din, Mosul, Iraq
Great
Mosque of Diyarbakir, Turkey
Citadel
of Aleppo, Syria
Citadel
of Cairo, Egypt
Mausoleum
of Imam al-Shafii, Cairo, Egypt
Funerary
Complex of Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub, Cairo, Egypt
|
| |
Points to Stress:
|
*
Historical background: explain the emergence of the militaristic Seljuk
successor states and the effects of the Crusades, focusing on the
Ayyubids in particular
* Complexes: elaborate on the growing popularity in this period of
complexes containing the tomb of the founder together with charitable
institutions (e.g. madrasa, hospital, etc.)
* Muqarnas domes: outline the emergence of this uniquely Islamic form
and theories about its symbolism
* Citadels: stress the influence of the wars against the Crusaders
on the military architecture of both sides
* Mausoleum of Imam al-Shafii: use this example to explain continuity
from Fatimid to Ayyubid Egypt, in formal architectural terms and in
emphasizing the tombs of holy individuals (although now Sunni rather
than Shiite)
|
| |
|
WEEK
7 |
The
Mamluks |
|
| |
| Lecture
7-1: The Bahri Mamluks |
| |
Aim:
To introduce one of the most glorious periods of Islamic architecture
by highlighting the most prominent of the huge corpus of extant buildings
of the Bahri Mamluks in Cairo.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Mamluk
Doris Behrens-Abouseif, Architecture
of the Bahri Mamluks, Islamic Architecture in Cairo, 1989
John Williams, Urbanization
and Monument Construction in Mamluk Cairo, Muqarnas 2,
1984, pp. 33-41.
Howyda al-Harithy, The
Complex of Sultan Hasan in Cairo: Reading Between the Lines, Muqarnas
13, 1996
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Leonor
Fernandes, The
Foundation of Baybars al-Jashankir: Its Waqf, History and Architecture,
Muqarnas 4, 1987
Nasser Rabbat, Mamluk
Throne Halls: Qubba or Iwan? Ars Orientalis, 1993
Caroline Williams, The
Mosque of Sitt Hadaq, Muqarnas 11, 1994
Finbarr Barry Flood, Umayyad
Survivals and Mamluk Revivals: Qalawunid Architecture and the Great
Mosque of Damascus, Muqarnas 14, 1997
Stefano Carboni, The Painted Glass Decoration of the Mausoleum of Ahmad
ibn Sulayman al-Rifai in Cairo, Muqarnas 20, 2003
Howyda al-Harithy, The Concept of Space in Mamluk Architecture, Muqarnas
18, 2001
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Sultan
Qalaun Funerary Complex, Cairo, Egypt
al-Nasir
Muhammad Mausoleum and Madrasa, Cairo, Egypt
Sultan
al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalaun Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
Sultan
Baybars al-Jashankir Complex, Cairo, Egypt
Sultan
Hasan Funerary Complex, Cairo, Egypt
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: explain the emergence and unique structure
of the Mamluk dynasty
* Urban setting: describe the dense urban fabric of Cairo and the
consequences for Mamluk architecture, including the competition amongst
patrons to garner attention, the need to fit buildings into any available
space, and the emphasis on portals and minarets
* Complexes: outline reasons for the popularity of complexes during
this period (e.g. genuine piety, legitimizing the construction of
grand mausolea, providing for descendants through the administration
of waqf, appeasing the public); introduce the khanqah as an architectural
type with the complex of Baybars al-Jashankir; emphasize the Sultan
Qalaun and Sultan Hasan complexes as uniquely outstanding monuments
of Islamic architecture and spend time elaborating on their features
* Mosques: use the mosque of al-Nasir Muhammad as an example to describe
mosque architecture of the Mamluks, emphasizing the decorative program
as well as structure
|
| |
| Lecture
7- 2: The Circassian Mamluks |
| |
Aim:
To present the apex of Mamluk architecture.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Doris
Behrens-Abouseif, Architecture
of the Circassian Mamluks, Islamic Architecture in Cairo,
1989
John Williams, Urbanization
and Monument Construction in Mamluk Cairo, Muqarnas 2,
1984, pp. 41-45.
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Laila
Ali Ibrahim, Residential
Architecture in Mamluk Cairo, Muqarnas 2, 1984
Saleh Lamei Mostafa, The
Cairene Sabil: Form & Meaning, Muqarnas 6, 1989
Oleg Grabar, Reflections
on Mamluk Art, Muqarnas 2, 1984
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Sultan
al-Zahir Barquq Funerary Complex, Cairo, Egypt
Sultan
Faraj ibn Barquq Funerary Complex, Cairo, Egypt
Sultan
Qaytbay Funerary Complex at the Northern Cemetery, Cairo, Egypt
Sultan
Qaytbay Sabil-Kuttab al-Saliba Street, Cairo, Egypt
Emir
Qijmas al-Ishaqi Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
Sultan
Qansuh al-Ghuri Complex, Cairo, Egypt
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: explain briefly the historical trajectory
of the Circassian Mamluks up to the fall of the dynasty to the Ottomans
* Northern Qarafa: describe the building of monumental complexes in
this less congested cemetery and the consequences for the architecture
(e.g. the ability to have free-standing constructions such as the
complex of Faraj ibn Barquq)
* Architectural elements: describe the evolution of such characteristically
Mamluk features as carved stone domes, tiered minarets, and the adaptation
of the qaa from residential architecture for use in mosques
* Sabil-kuttab: introduce this architectural type with the example
of Sultan Qaytbay
|
| |
|
WEEK
8 |
The
Ilkhanids; The Timurids |
|
| |
| Lecture
8-1: The Ilkhanids |
| |
Aim:
To describe the Mongol period in Iran as one of artistic continuity
despite tremendous political upheavals, continuing the developments
of the Seljuq period and setting the stage for the Timurids.
|
| |
Required Readings:
|
Archnet
Building Styles: Ilkhanid
Sheila Blair, Sufi
Saints and Shrine Architecture in the Early Fourteenth Century,
Muqarnas 7, 1990
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Sheila
Blair, The
Ilkhanid Palace, Ars Orientalis, 1993
Sergei Chmelnizkij, The
Mausoleum of Muhammad Bosharo, Muqarnas 7, 1990
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Friday
Mosque of Varamin, Iran
Tomb
of Oljeitu, Sultaniya, Iran
Shrine
Complex of Shaykh Abd al-Samad, Natanz, Iran
Pir-i
Bakran, Linjan, Iran
Shrine
Complex of Bayazid, Bastam, Iran
Tomb
Tower at Bastam, Iran
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: outline the devastation of the Mongol invasion,
the division of the Mongol empire, and the conversion of the Ilkhanids
to Islam
* Mosques: use the Varamin example to show continuity from the Seljuq
period (e.g. the four-ivan plan, carved terracotta and brick decoration)
and the increasing use of glazed tile decoration
* Tomb of Oljeitu: emphasize continuity from the Seljuq period and
competition with the tomb of Sultan Sanjar, but also the uniqueness
of this monument (not only its structure but also its dual internal
decorative schemes and its exterior decoration with the earliest mosaic
faience in Iran); present possible interpretations, such as Oljeitus
intention to move Ali and his sons
* Shrine complexes: emphasize the growing popularity of shrines across
the Islamic world in the 14th century and the institutionalization
of Sufism; describe advances in decorative techniques seen particularly
in shrines, such as mosaic faience, luster and lajvardina tiles
* Tomb tower at Bastam: describe the continuity of the tomb tower
form from the Seljuq to the Ilkhanid period, although with increased
use of glazed tile decoration
|
| |
| Lecture
8-2: The Timurids |
| |
Aim:
To describe the monumentality of Timurid architecture and set the
stage for later developments under the Ottomans, Safivids, Mughals and
Uzbeks
|
| |
Required Readings:
|
Archnet
Building Styles: Timurid
Bernard OKane, From
Tents to Pavilions: Royal Mobility and Persian Palace Design, Ars
Orientalis, 1993
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Lisa
Golombek, The
Gardens of Timur: New Perspectives, Muqarnas 12, 1995
Monika Gronke, The
Persian Court Between Palace and Tent: From Timur to Abbas I, In
Timurid Art and Culture: Iran and Central Asia in the Fifteenth
Century. Golombek & Subtelny, 1992
Gulru Necipoglu, Geometric
Design in Timurid/Turkmen Architectural Practice: Thoughts on a Recently
Discovered Scroll and Its Late Gothic Parallels, In Timurid
Art and Culture: Iran and Central Asia in the Fifteenth Century.
Golombek & Subtelny, 1992
Thomas Lentz, Dynastic
Imagery in Early Timurid Wall Painting, Muqarnas 10, 1993
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Shah-i
Zinda Complex, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Bibi
Khanum Mosque, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Mosque
of Gawhar Shad, Mashad, Iran
Madrasa
al-Ghiyasiyya, Khargird, Iran
Ulugh
Beg Madrasa, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
|
| |
Points to Stress:
|
*
Historical background: describe the invasions of Timur and his
building of a new capital at Samarqand using artisans captured on
his campaigns
* Monumentality: stress the grandiosity of Timurs building projects
and how his own grandeur was linked to the immense size of his buildings
(e.g. Bibi Khanum Mosque)
* Decorative techniques: explain how Iranian tiling techniques (e.g.
tile mosaic) were transported to Samarqand through the captured artisans
and how other techniques were developed (e.g. haft rangi), using the
mausolea of the Shah-i Zinda complex as illustrations
* Female patronage: stress the high status of Timurid royal women
and their involvement in architectural patronage (e.g. Shah-i Zinda,
Mosque of Gawhar Shad)
* Court style: explain how developments under Timur coalesced into
a court style under his successors, primarily through the work of
the court architect Qavam al-Din Shirazi (responsible for Mosque of
Gawhar Shad and Madrasa al-Ghiyasiyya)
|
| |
|
WEEK
9 |
Sultanate
India; The Uzbeks |
|
| |
| Lecture
9-1: Sultanate India |
| |
Aim:
To present the early Islamic architecture of India, showing how
the Turkic invaders of the Ghurid period and their successors interacted
with local traditions and produced an inventive new style which set
the stage for the Mughal period to follow.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Tuqluqid,
Bahmanid,
Sayyid,
Adil
Shahi
Anthony Welch & Howard Crane, The
Tughluqs: Master Builders of the Delhi Sultanate, Muqarnas
1, 1983
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Anthony
Welch, Architectural
Patronage and the Past: The Tughluq Sultans of India, Muqarnas
10, 1993
Robert Hillenbrand, Turco-Iranian
Elements in the Medieval Architecture of Pakistan: The Case of the Tomb
of Rukn-i Alam at Multan, Muqarnas 9, 1992
Anthony Welch, A
Medieval Center of Learning in India: The Haus Khas Madrasa in Delhi,
Muqarnas 13, 1996
Mehrdad Shokoohy & Natalie Shokoohy, The
Architecture of Baha al-Din Tughrul in the Region of Bayana, Rajasthan,
Muqarnas 4, 1987
Mehrdad Shokoohy & Natalie Shokoohy, The
City of Turquoise: A Preliminary Report on the Town of Hisar-i Firuza,
Environmental Design, 1985
Perween Hasan, Sultanate
Mosques and Continuity in Bengal Architecture, Muqarnas
6, 1989
Mohammad Yusuf Siddiq, An
Epigraphical Journey to an Eastern Islamic Land, Muqarnas
7, 1990
Mehrdad Shokoohy, Sasanian
Royal Emblems and Their Reemergence in the Fourteenth Century Deccan,
Muqarnas 11, 1994
Anthony Welch, Hussein Keshani and Alexandra Bain, Epigraphs, Scripture
and Architecture in the Early Sultanate of Delhi, Muqarnas
19, 2002
Anthony Welch, Hydraulic
Architecture in Medieval India: The Tughluqs, Environmental
Design, 1985
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Quwwat
al-Islam Mosque, Delhi, India
Qutb
Minar, Delhi, India
Iltutmish
Tomb, Delhi, India
Shah
Rukh-i Alam Tomb, Multan, Pakistan
Ghiyas
al-Din Tuqhlaq Tomb, Delhi, India
Firuz
Shah Tughlaq Tomb, Delhi, India
Kotla
of Firuz Shah, Delhi, India
Jami
Mosque, Delhi, India
Jami
Masjid of Gulbarga, Delhi, India
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: outline the Islamic conquest of northern India
and the history of the Turkic dynasties known as the Sultanates
* Quwwat al-Islam Mosque: show how the Ghurid rulers symbolized their
triumph by demolishing and incorporating elements from Hindu and Jain
temples, and how Indian craftsmen responded to the demands of their
new patrons with corbelled domes and arches
* Qutb Minar: stress the similarities of this monument to other free-standing
Ghurid minarets and its victory symbolism rather than its usefulness
for the call to prayer
* Mausolea: explain how this form originating in Iran and Central
Asia was adapted to Indian materials and aesthetics through the use
of sandstone and marble, and in some cases, Hindu or Buddhist architectural
elements (such as the railing at the tomb of Firuz Shah)
* Mosques: stress the originality and inventiveness of mosque architecture
in Sultanate India, with a variety of forms and specifically Indian
elements
|
| |
| Lecture
9-2: The Uzbeks |
| |
Aim:
To show how Timurid traditions continued to develop in the architecture
of their often overlooked successor states.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Shaybanid,
Janid
Maylyuda Yusupova, Evolution
of Architecture of the Sufi Complexes in Bukhara, Bukhara: The
Myth and the Architecture
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Robert
McChesney, Architecture & Narrative: The Khwaja Abu Nasr Parsa Shrina
Part I: Constructing the Complex and Its Meaning, 1469-1696, Muqarnas
18, 2001
Florian Schwarz, Bukhara
and its Hinterland: The Oasis of Bukhara in the Sixteenth Century in
the Light of the Juybari Codex, Bukhara: The Myth and the Architecture
Robert McChesney, Bukharas
Suburban Villages: Juzmandun in the Sixteenth Century, Bukhara:
The Myth and the Architecture
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Kalyan
Mosque, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Complex
of Baha al-Din Naqshabandi, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Khwaja
Zayn al-Din Mosque and Khanqah, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Mir-i
Arab Madrasa, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
Shir
Dar Madrasa, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Tilla
Kari Madrasa, Samarkand, Uzbekistan
Nadir
Divan Beg Khanqah and Madrasa, Bukhara, Uzbekistan
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: outline the emergence of the Uzbek successors
of the Timurids (the Shaybanids and Janids) and describe the increasing
influence of Sufi orders, in particular the Naqshbandi
* Bukhara: stress the moving of the capital to Bukhara and the focus
of Uzbek patronage on that city, with the construction of khanqahs
and madrasas in particular
* Samarqand: describe urban development at Registan Square with the
demolition of the khanqah of Ulugh Beg, the construction of the Shir
Dar Madrasa, and later the construction of the Tilla Kari Madrasa
* Continuity from Timurids: emphasize the continuity of Timurid aesthetics
in the structure and tiled decoration of monumental buildings
|
| |
|
WEEK
10 |
The
Ottomans |
|
| |
| Lecture
10-1: The Early Ottomans and the Age of Sinan |
| |
Aim:
To show the development of the central-domed mosque, the characteristic
form of Ottoman architecture, in the early Ottoman period up through
its apex in the Selimiyye Mosque of Sinan.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Ottoman
Bulend Ozer, The
Architect of Domed Mosques as a Master of Pluralism, Environmental
Design, 1987
Ulya Vogt-Goknil, Spatial
Order in Sinans Kulliyes, Environmental Design, 1987
Gulru Necipoglu-Kafadar, The
Suleymaniye Complex in Istanbul: An Interpretation, Muqarnas
3, 1985
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Stephan
Yerasimos, Sinan
and his Patrons: Programme and Location, Environmental Design,
1987
Sevgi Akture, Mimarbasi
Sinan and the Building Policies of the Ottoman State, Environmental
Design, 1987
Inci Aslanoglu, Siting
of Sinans Kulliyes in Istanbul, Environmental Design, 1987
Robert Ousterhout, Ethnic
Identity and Cultural Appropriation in Early Ottoman Architecture,
Muqarnas 12, 1995
Gulru Necipoglu, Challenging
the Past: Sinan and the Competitive Discourse of Early Modern Islamic
Architecture, Muqarnas 10, 1993
Jale Erzen, Sinan
as Anti-Classicist, Muqarnas 5, 1988
Dogan Kuban, The
Style of Sinans Domed Structures, Muqarnas 4, 1987
I.H. Gungor, The
Dome in Sinans Works, Environmental Design, 1987
Enis Kortan, The
Role of Sinans Work within the Urban Context, Environmental
Design, 1987
Michael Rogers, Sinan
as Planner: Some Documentary Evidence, Environmental Design,
1987
Gunkut Akin, The
Muezzin Mahfili and Pool of the Selimiye in Edirne, Muqarnas
12, 1995
Zeynep Yurekli, A Building Between the Public and Private Realms of
the Ottoman Elite: The Sufi Convent of Sokollu Mehmed Pasha in Istanbul,
Muqarnas 20, 2003
Aptullah Kuran, A
Spatial Study of Three Ottoman Capitals: Bursa, Edirne, and Istanbul,
Muqarnas 13, 1996
Alain Borie, Sinans
Kulliyes: Architectural Compositions, Environmental Design,
1987
Pierre Pinon, Sinans
Kulliyes: Inscriptions into the Urban Fabric, Environmental
Design, 1987
Filiz Ozer, The
Complexes Built by Sinan, Environmental Design, 1987
Jale Erzen, Imperializing
a City: Istanbul of the Sixteenth Century, Environmental Design,
1987
|
| |
Monument List:
|
Green
Mosque, Bursa, Turkey
Uc
Serefeli Mosque, Edirne, Turkey
Sehzade
Mehmet Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey
Suleymaniye
Complex, Istanbul, Turkey
Rustem
Pasha Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey
Sokollu
Mehmet Pasha Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey
Selimiyye
Mosque, Edirne, Turkey
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: Outline the emergence of the Ottomans as a
major power, their conquest of Constantinople, and their expansion
through the reign of Suleiman the Magnificent
* Early Ottoman buildings: describe the central-domed mosques and
religious complexes (kulliyes) of Bursa and Edirne before the conquest
of Constantinople, stressing an ongoing dialogue with Byzantine architecture
* Sinan: briefly outline his life and career as background presenting
his buildings; stress the inspiration of the Aghia Sophia and his
determination to build a dome with a wider span; show the structural
development of his mosques from early examples such as Sehzade Mehmet
to his masterpiece, the Selimiyye; emphasise his role as a court architect
and the exalted nature of his patrons, with implications such as the
procurement of highly desirable sites (e.g. the Suleimaniyye), the
use of multiple minarets in the imperial mosques, and his ability
to procure unusual and expensive materials (e.g. spolia from throughout
the empire, or Iznik tiles); describe how he worked with the topography
of his sites (e.g. the Suleimaniyye) or the density of urban fabric
(e.g. the Mosque of Rustem Pasha)
|
| |
| Lecture
10-2: Ottoman Architecture of the 17-18th Centuries and the Architecture
of the Ottoman Provinces |
| |
Aim:
To outline the development of Ottoman architecture after Sinan up to the
19th century and to present a selection of buildings from the Ottoman
provinces which show how the imperial style interacted with local traditions.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Ulku
Bates, Two
Ottoman Documents on Architects in Egypt, Muqarnas 3, 1985
Doris Behrens-Abouseif, Architecture
of the Ottoman Period, Islamic Architecture in Cairo, 1989
Lucienne Thys-Senocak, The
Yeni Valide Mosque Complex at Eminonu, Muqarnas 15, 1998
|
| |
Recommended
Readings:
|
M. Tarek Swelim,
An
Interpretation of the Mosque of Sinan Pasha in Cairo, Muqarnas
10, 1993
Cigdem Kafescioglu, In the Image of Rum: Ottoman Architectural Patronage
in Sixteenth-Century Aleppo and Damascus, Muqarnas 16, 1999
Doris Behrens-Abouseif, The
Takiyyat Ibrahim al-Kulshani in Cairo, Muqarnas 5, 1988
Andre Raymond, The
Rab: A Type of Collective Housing in Cairo During the Ottoman Period,
Architecture as Symbol & Self-Identity
Ruba Kanaan, Waqf, Architecture, and Political Self-Fashioning: The
Construction of the Great Mosque of Jaffa by Muhammad Aga Abu Nabbut,
Muqarnas 18, 2001
Michael Kiel, The Quatrefoil Plan in Ottoman Architecture Reconsidered
in the Light of the Fethiye Mosque of Athens, Muqarnas 19,
2002
Aptullah Kuran, Form
& Function in Ottoman Building Complexes, Environmental
Design, 1987
Maurice Cerasi, The
Commerce of Forms & Types Between the West and the Ottoman East
from the 16th to the 18th Century, Environmental Design,
1999
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Sultanahmet
Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey
Yeni
Valide Complex, Istanbul, Turkey
Nuruosmaniye
Complex, Istanbul, Turkey
Dome
of the Prophet, Jerusalem
Mosque
of Sinan Basha, Damascus, Syria
Sinan
Pasha Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
Mahmud
Pasha Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
Abd
al-Rathman Katkhuda Sabil-Kuttab, Cairo, Egypt
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Background: address issues of supposed Ottoman decline after the reign
of Suleiman the Magnificent and issues relating to the centre/periphery
dialogue between Istanbul and the Ottoman provinces
* Late Ottoman architecture: show the continuing vitality of Ottoman
forms after Sinan with the Sultanahmet Mosque and the Yeni Valide
Complex; show how the late Ottomans incorporated growing European
influence into their architecture with the Nuruosmaniye Complex
Dome of the Prophet: show how the Ottomans invested substantial resources
in restoring important Islamic monuments in provincial cities
* Mosque of Sinan Basha: explain how the Ottoman imperial form was
manifested in Damascus
* Cairo: explain how the Ottoman imperial form interacted with Mamluk
traditions in Cairo, with Mamluk elements at times more pronounced
(e.g. Mahmud Pasha Mosque) and a balance between Mamluk and Ottoman
elements achieved at other times (e.g. Sinan Pasha Mosque)
|
| |
|
WEEK
11 |
The
Safavids |
|
| |
| Lecture
11-1: Safavid Religious Architecture |
| |
Aim:
To show the development and continuity of Iranian traditions in the
religious architecture of the Safavids as well as introducing innovations
in urban planning under Shah Abbas II.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Safavid
Robert McChesney, Four
Sources on Shah Abbass Building of Isfahan, Muqarnas 5,
1988
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Maydan-i
Shah, Isfahan, Iran
Mosque
of the Shah, Isfahan, Iran
Mosque
of Shaykh Lutfallah, Isfahan, Iran
Shrine
of Shah Nur al-Din Nimatullah Vali, Isfahan, Iran
Madrasa
Madar-i Shah, Isfahan, Iran
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: outline the history of the Safavid dynasty,
emphasizing their institution of Shiism as the state religion of Iran
and urban planning and the development of commerce under Shah Abbas
I
* Maydan-i Shah: describe the layout of the square and the reasons
behind its development; read admiring quotes from European visitors
such as Chardin
* Mosque of the Shah: show traditional Iranian elements such as the
high pishtaq and the four-ivan plan; describe the development of tiled
decoration; show how the architect adjusted the mosque to face the
qibla and to open directly onto the Maydan-i Shah
* Mosque of Shaykh Lutfallah: describe the unusual layout, the elaborate
decoration, and the ambiguous purpose of this building
* Complexes: show continuing Safavid interest in patronizing both
shrines and madrasa complexes
|
| |
| Lecture
11-2: Safavid Secular Architecture |
| |
Aim:
To give a fuller picture of the Maidan-i Shah specifically and
Safavid architecture generally by focusing on the palaces of Isfahan
and other secular buildings.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Sussan
Babaie, Shah
Abbas II, the Conquest of Qandahar, the Chihil Sutun, and Its Wall Paintings,
Muqarnas 11, 1994
Gulru Necipoglu, Framing
the Gaze in Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Palaces, Ars Orientalis,
1993
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Wolfran
Kleiss, Safavid
Palaces, Ars Orientalis, 1993
Willem Floor, The Talar-i Tavila or Hall of Stables, a Forgotten Safavid
Palace, Muqarnas 19, 2002
Mahvash Alemi, Urban
Spaces as the Scene for the Ceremonies and Pastimes of the Safavid Court,
Environmental Design, 1991
Mahvash Alemi, Documents:
The Safavid Royal Gardens in Sari, Environmental Design,
1998
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Ali
Qapu, Isfahan, Iran
Chihil
Sutun, Isfahan, Iran
Hasht
Behesht, Isfahan, Iran
Chahar
Bagh, Isfahan, Iran
Allahverdi
Khan Bridge, Isfahan, Iran
Khwaju
Bridge, Isfahan, Iran
Hammam
Ganj-i Ali Khan, Isfahan, Iran
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Isfahan palaces: describe the architecture and layout of the palaces
and how they fit into Shah Abbas plans for his capital; describe how
the various palace buildings were used; emphasize the significance
of the views over the Maidan-i Shah from the Ali Qapu; describe the
decoration of the palace interiors and its significance, particularly
the wall paintings; discuss Persian gardens and how the Chahar Bagh
fit into the overall scheme for Isfahan
* Isfahan bridges: emphasize Safavid interest in promoting commerce,
the founding of New Julfa, and the network of caravanserais built
across Iran
* Hammam Ganj-i Ali Khan: show the Maidan of Ganj Ali Khan in Kerman
as a smaller version of the Maidan-i Shah built by a loyal retainer
of the shah
|
| |
|
WEEK
12 |
The
Mughals |
|
| |
| Lecture
12-1: Mughal Tombs and Funerary Gardens |
| |
Aim:
To present the diversity of imperial Mughal funerary architecture,
including the buildings viewed as Mughal masterpieces, and their garden
settings
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Mughal
James Dickie, The
Mughal Garden: Gateway to Paradise, Muqarnas 3, 1985
Michael Brand, Orthodoxy,
Innovation and Revival: Considerations of the Past in Imperial Mughal
Tomb Architecture, Muqarnas 10, 1993
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Glenn
Lowry, Humayuns
Tomb: Form, Function & Meaning in Early Mughal Architecture,
Muqarnas 4, 1987
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Humayun
Tomb, Delhi, India
Akbars
Tomb, Sikandra, India
Mausoleum
of Itimad al-Daula, Agra, India
Tomb of Jahangjir**
Taj
Mahal Complex, Agra, India
Tomb of Aurangzeb**
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: outline the conquest of India by Babur and
the careers of the Mughal emperors through Aurangzeb
* Funerary architecture: emphasize the diversity of Mughal tombs and
the varying influences which were more important in some buildings
than others (e.g. Timurid versus Indian traditions); stress variety
and treat the monuments individually rather than leading in a linear
progression to the Taj Mahal
* Timurid influences: double domes on high drums, ivans, radial symmetry
* Indian influences: chatris, use of marble and red sandstone
* European
influences: pietra dura
* Innovations: compromises between a desire for an open, simple burial
on the part of several emperors (Babur, Akbar, Jahangir, Aurangzeb)
and the desire of his successors to build a monumental structure
* Gardens: show how the Timurid garden prototype developed in Mughal
India, stressing paradise symbolism and how this fitted with funerary
architecture
|
| |
| Lecture
12-2: Mughal Mosques and Palaces |
| |
Aim:
To present a fuller picture of Mughal architecture to complement the
more famous imperial tombs discussed in the previous lecture.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Ebba
Koch, Mughal
Palace Gardens from Babur to Shah Jahan (1526-1648), Muqarnas
14, 1997
William Klingelhofer, The
Jahangiri Mahal of the Agra Fort: Expression and Experience in Early
Mughal Architecture, Muqarnas 5, 1988
Catherine Asher, Sub-Imperial
Palaces: Power & Authority in Mughal India, Ars Orientalis,
1993
|
| |
Recommended
Readings:
|
Ebba Koch, Diwan-i
Amm and Chihil Sutun: The Audience Halls of Shah Jahan, Muqarnas
11, 1994
Catherine Asher, Babur
and the Timurid Char Bagh: Use & Meaning, Environmental
Design, 1991
Alina MacNeal, The
Stone Encampment, Environmental Design, 1991
Ebba Koch, The
Zahara Bagh (Bagh-i Jahanara) at Agra, Environmental Design,
1986
Elizabeth Moynihan, The
Lotus Garden Palace of Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur, Muqarnas
5, 1988
Wayne Begley, Four
Mughal Caravanserais Built during the Reigns of Jahangir & Shah
Jahan, Muqarnas 1, 1983
Kiyo Iizuka, Shah
Jahans Concept of Town Planning in Delhi, Environmental Design,
1991
|
| |
Monument
List: |
Agra
Fort Complex, Agra, India
Moti
Mosque (Agra), Agra, India
Fatehpur
Sikri Palace Complex, Agra, India
Red
Fort Complex, Agra, India
Lahore
Fort, Lahore, Pakistan
Badshaahi
Mosque, Lahore, Pakistan
Shalimar
Gardens-, Lahore, Pakistan
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Gardens: emphasize the importance of gardens not just for funerary
architecture, but also as royal encampments or extensions of palaces
and as symbols of sovereignty
* Palaces: outline the historical particularities of the construction
of each of the major palaces; emphasize the general lack of functional
specificity for specific parts of palaces; describe the development
of court rituals and how the darshan ritual affected palace
design; outline Timurid and indigenous elements in palatial architecture
and decoration
* Mosques: outline general developments in Mughal mosque architecture;
describe how mosque design related to palace design and ritual
|
| |
|
WEEK
13 |
The
19-20th Centuries |
|
| |
| Lecture
13-1: The 19th Century |
| |
Aim:
To show some of the ways in which Islamic architecture was affected
by intensive contact with Europe through a selection of monuments from
Turkey, Egypt and Iran.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Archnet
Building Styles: Qajar
Mohammad al-Asad, The
Mosque of Muhammad Ali in Cairo, Muqarnas 9, 1992
Mohammad al-Asad, The
Mosque of al-Rifai in Cairo, Muqarnas 10, 1993
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Michele
Bernardini, The
Impact of Sinan on Turkish Revivalism, Environmental Design,
1987
Maurice Cerasi, Late
Ottoman Architects and Master Builders, Muqarnas 5, 1988
Massimo Amodei, Tunis
1860-1930: The Formation of a Colonial Town, Environmental Design,
1984
Beatrice St. Laurent and Andras Riedlmayer, Restorations
of Jerusalem and the Dome of the Rock and Their Political Significance,
Muqarnas 10, 1993
Klaus Kreiser, Public
Monuments in Turkey and Egypt, 1840-1916, Muqarnas 14,
1997
|
| |
Monument List:
|
Dolmabahce
Palace Complex, Istanbul, Turkey
Nusretiye
Mosque, Istanbul, Turkey
Muhammad
Ali Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
al-Rifai
Mosque, Cairo, Egypt
Sahn-e
Azade-, Mashad, Iran
Golestan Palace**
|
| |
Points
to Stress: |
*
Historical background: briefly outline the main political events of
the 19th century, emphasizing increasing European influence and the
beginnings of colonization, and the reactions of the major powers
of the Islamic world, the Ottomans and Qajars
* Turkey: show how European influence and Ottoman traditions combined
in the Ottoman Baroque style (Nusretiye Mosque) and the almost completely
Westernizing style of the Domabahce Palace
* Egypt: show how the de facto independence of Egypt from Ottoman
rule was asserted by using the imperial Ottoman style in the Muhammad
Ali Mosque; explain how Western influence and Egyptian (e.g. Mamluk)
traditions combined in the al-Rifai Mosque
* Iran: show how Western influence combined with Iranian traditions
in the Golestan Palace; emphasize Qajar interest in patronage of Shiite
shrines with the Sahn-e Azade at the shrine of Imam Reza
|
| |
| Lecture
13-2: The 20th Century |
| |
Aim:
To show the important debates and arguments that have sought to define
the greatest legacy of Muslim civilisations; its art and architecture.
The most important of these debates has taken place over the past twenty-five
years in seminars organised by the Aga Khan Award for Architecture.
|
| |
Required
Readings: |
Shiraz
Allibhai (ed), Islamic
Architecture: A Debate in Seven Parts, 2004
Dogan Kuban. 1980, Symbolism
in its Regional and Contemporary Context.Architecture as Symbol
and Self-Identity, 1980
Mohammed Arkoun, Islamic
Culture, Modernity, Architecture. Architectural Education
in the Islamic World, 1986
Mohammed Arkoun, Islamic
Cultures, Developing Societies, Modern Thought. Expressions
of Islam in Buildings, 1990
|
| |
Recommended
Readings: |
Mohammed
Arkoun. The
Aga Khan Award as a Process of Thinking. Legacies for the
Future: Contemporary Architecture in Islamic Societies, 1998
James Steele, A
Search for Meaning. Architecture for Islamic Societies Today,
1994
1995 Award Master Jury, Relevance,
Excellence and Other Criteria. Architecture Beyond Architecture,
1995
Seyyed Hossein Nasr, The
Contemporary Muslim and the Architectural Transformation of the Islamic
Urban Environment. Toward an Architecture in the Spirit of Islam,
1978
Panel Participants. Commentary.
Toward an Architecture in the Spirit of Islam, 1978
|
| |
Monuments
List: |
Hajj
Terminal, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Mosque of the Grand National Assembly, Ankara, Turkey
Institut
du Monde Arabe, Paris, France
Alliance
Franco-Senegalaise, Kaolack, Senegal
Corniche
Mosque, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Great
Mosque of Riyadh and the Old City Center Redevelopment, Saudi Arabia
Inter-Continental
Hotel and Conference Center, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
Kaedi
Regional Hospital, Kaedi, Mauritania
Menara
Mesiniaga, Selangor, Malaysia
Grameen
Bank Housing Project, Bangladesh
Kampung
Improvement Program, Jakarta, Indonesia
|
| |
|
|